In order to identify free amino acids (FAA) that are importantas intracellular osmolytes in Crassostrea gigas, we investigatedthe change in FAA content in the mantle exposed to an abrupt decreaseor increase in salinity. In hypo‐osmotic adaptation, most FAA showedremarkable and synchronous decreases from 2 to 8 h, suggestingthat the non‐selective efflux of FAA was mainly responsible forthe decrease in FAA. Taurine that accounted for approximately 80% oftotal FAA content contributed most significantly to the hypo‐osmoticadaptation. In hyper‐osmotic adaptation, significant increases inglycine, alanine, β‐alanine, proline, arginine and taurinewere observed. Of these, alanine showed an immediate increase thatis important to short‐term adaptation to hyper‐osmolality, whiletaurine showed a slower and substantial increase that contributesto a long‐term adaptation to hyper‐osmolality.
Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) appears to play crucial roles in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. We previously reported that circulating soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) levels are elevated in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and that sLOX-1 can be a specific and sensitive biomarker for ACS. A proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 18 (IL-18) and its receptor are prominently expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, circulating IL-18 levels were reported to be high in ACS. In this study, we have examined if IL-18 can stimulate shedding of LOX-1 and subsequent release of sLOX-1. After transfection with LOX-1 cDNA, HEK-293T cells were incubated with or without IL-18. Cell-conditioned media and total cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analyses with an anti-LOX-1 monoclonal antibody. In addition, ADAM10 cDNA, ADAM10 siRNA or control vector were also co-transfected into HEK-293T cells, and the cell-conditioned media and total cell lysates were subjected to LOX-1 immunoblotting after treatment with or without IL-18. The cell-conditioned medium/total cell lysate ratios in the amounts of LOX-1 or sLOX-1 were determined as sLOX-1 cleavage ratios. IL-18 (10-100ng/mL) stimulation increased the sLOX-1 cleavage by 3-4-fold in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. ADAM10 overexpression alone similarly enhanced the sLOX-1 cleavage. ADAM10 inhibition by ADAM10 siRNA transfection significantly suppressed IL-18-induced sLOX-1 cleavage. IL-18 similarly enhanced sLOX-1 cleavage in TNF-alpha-activated cultured endothelial cells, as well as LOX-1 transgenic mice in vivo. IL-18 appears one of the stimuli that enhance sLOX-1 release in ACS and ADAM10 may be involved in this process.
The present study provides direct evidence that LOX-1 is a novel receptor for RLPs in VSMCs. LOX-1-mediated uptake of RLPs may thus play important roles in atherogenesis by inducing LOX-1 expression and VSMC migration especially in the settings of postprandial hyperlipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
The effect of salt-vinegar curing on mackerel meat was investigated. In salt curing, the firmness of the meat increased concomitantly with the decrease in water content and the increase in insolubilization of sarcoplasmic protein of phosphorylase. In subsequent vinegar curing, the firmness and cohesiveness of the meat increased concomitantly with the increase in insolubilization of the sarcoplasmic proteins of enolase, creatine kinase, aldolase, and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase. No apparent proteolytic breakdown was detected in the saltvinegar curing. The findings suggested that the precipitation of substantial amounts of sarcoplasmic proteins might contribute to the texture change caused by salt-vinegar curing.
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