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During radiotherapy sessions to treat brain tumors or head-and-neck cancers, some patients experience unusual visual and/or olfactory perceptions. This prospective study sought to answer two questions: (i) what proportion of patients experience these unpleasant sensations?, and (ii) which organs are responsible? Eligible patients had brain or near-orbital tumors treated by helical tomotherapy. All were aged 10 years or older, able to communicate, and interviewed by a radiation oncologist at least once weekly during radiation therapy. If they had experienced such sensations, they were encouraged to join the second phase of the study. The patients were asked to indicate, using a button, when a sensation commenced and ended. The recorded data were collated with the treatment log. Thirty-eight consecutive patients were eligible. Twenty-six experienced visual and 13 olfactory sensations. The radiation doses to the organs related to the visual or olfactory sensations did not differ between patients who reported sensations and those who did not. Seventeen patients were enrolled in the second phase of the study. All 14 with visual sensations reported that the sensations occurred when the X-rays passed at eye level. Olfactory sensations were reported by eight out of nine patients when the X-rays passed through the olfactory epithelium and/or ethmoid sinus level. In conclusion, 68% of patients experienced visual sensations caused by X-rays passing through the level of the eyes, and 34% complained of olfactory sensations. With the exception of one patient, olfactory sensations occurred when the X-rays passed through the levels of the olfactory epithelium and/or ethmoid sinus.

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1-1 -4, U iiie zoii 0 , Ts II I ; 11 1 .) a , 111 a.ra k i 3 05, J ap a 11 E-in ai 1 : k a,iv a i Ge t8 1. go. j p Abstract A net0 (irpproach to integrrrte rongc dntu f r o n i niziltiple uitcupoints i s described. C'oni~ylicnttyl objrcts, J O I . e.rnln,plt f/o(i]crs, (ire obserz~ed b g (I. t~i n g e find(~i.frorn inirl/iplc viewpoints tuhosc relative position i.s i i n k 1 7 o c i~r~. .1,fter .si~nple segnientotioii,, correspondences of r~g i o i i s betiiicen two consecutive data are examined. This rncitchng process relies o n regions which (ire riot suppo,qed to bf: inJJcrenced by occlu . s io ra. Trcr n s f orni cri. ion pci r~i n r.5 G c l l o c~, r , /fL'O rlcrtrr (Ire calczrlnted by referrii,g t o the 171, azng rrsiilt. .-I t i iteryrtion p r0ce.s.s to ni r rzt ni 2ze difle re, ncr t s/,i in (I t t.s of cor^ spo ndiiag regions i s deuised so thnt o mort: cicc irrcrtc rc.sirlt 6.s obtc17r1,t.d. Duta observed froin ni,(r//fp/r u?rzupoints w e lr~rii,s,fcrr~td to stondord coordin,a.te.s u i i d inttgrcrterl. Re.sriltv o n sonie objects, f o r ezoniplt-f/owet.s, . s A o ( i~ / h i t s o f a r thnt / I t i s n?e/ltod is pr'o naiuirag. IiitroductioiiThe measuring inet,Iiocls for 3D ol>jccts arc. iriiportant. in indust.ria1 fields, a.iitl have I x y r i iiivestiga.ted \'er!' a.c ti vel y [ 1 -51. R eceii t,l y iii a 11 y resc ii rc 11 es i i si 11 g a r a ii ge fiiicler l i a~e beell 1Illtlert,iikeli. X rangr c1ilt.a wliicli is ohserved froin one viewpoint. has iiivisi1)IF part,s hecaiise of occlusioii ancl rest.rict.ion of t,lie inea.siiriii~~ tlevicc.. 111 order t.o iiieasure invisihle pa.rt.s, we i i i u s t ob. from mult,iple viewpoiiit,s aiitl ii1tegrat.e these c1at.a. 111 t,liis paper we describe a ~i e~v iipl)roacli to solve tlie a1101.e problenis. 111 order t.o observc, t,he wliole sliape. t,lie range data are olxerved from inultiple viewpoiiits. T h e relative posit,ions where t,he data a r e oht.aineti arc-assiinicd 1.0 be 11 11 kilo wii , and 1, iew p oiu t.s a re a ss ii in ecl s ii ffi cieii t I y close t,oget.lier. First,ly, t.lie data. is segineiitetl i1it.o regioiis. Nest,. some regions which a r e supposed not 1.0 be iiifliii.iiced 11y occlusion, a.re selected and their feiit.ure paraiiietcrs are calculated. Correspondeiices of regioiis I)et.wren t,\vo coiisecuti vv d a t a. a re ex a iiiiii ed . T 11 (2 1 ra II s Eo I' I 11 i1.t io 11 p a ra 111 et e 1,s are approxiiiiat,ely calciila.t.ecl t)), referencc (,o t h e inatcliiiLg result,. In order t,o iniprove accuracy, tlie d a t a a.re segineiit,ed int,o some new sniall regiolis wliicli are expected 1.0 s h o~v perfect inat.ches, a n c l (.lie p r o c e s is it,criit,etl to minimize their est.imated di-lferelices. In t.liis process these pa.raniet,ers can he ca1colat.etl acciirat.cly. 1)at.a oljservetl from 1n 01 t iple vieivp 0int.s a re t.r a 11 sfe r red t o s t, a 11 tI ii r d coorcliiiates by using traiisforiiiatioil p a r a . n i r t e r s . T11eii t.lie wliole slia.pe of oliject,s call I>e recoiist r i i c t e~l I)? iiitegrating t.lieiii. ...

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Objective To determine the most appropriate radiologic criteria of metastatic retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLNs) in patients with maxillary sinus cancer (MSC). Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated 16 consecutive patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after the treatment of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. The minimal and maximal diameters of all RLNS were recorded. RLNs were classified as metastatic on the basis of the MRI follow-up (f/u). RLNs were considered non-metastatic if stable disease continued until the final MRI f/u and metastatic in cases with different evaluations (complete response, partial response, progressive disease) determined using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) ver. 1.1. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the accuracy of various criteria in the diagnosis of metastatic RLNs. Results Of the 34 RLNs in 16 cases observed on pretreatment MRI, 7 were classified as metastatic RLNs and 27 as non-metastatic RLNs. Using the radiologic criteria, metastatic RLNs tended to be diagnosed more accurately with the minimal axial diameter than with the maximal axial diameter (AUC; 0.97 vs. 0.73, p = 0.06). The most accurate size criterion of metastatic RLNs was a minimal axial diameter of 5 mm or larger, with an accuracy of 94.1% (32 of 34). Conclusions The most appropriate radiologic criterion of metastatic RLNs in MSC is a minimal axial diameter of 5 mm or longer.

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