We aimed to determine the suitability of 'Reikodai 1 go' (BC 1 from interspecific hybridization of Ficus carica L. and F. erecta Thunb.) as a ceratocystis canker disease-resistant rootstock for 'Masui Dauphine' fig. In this study, 'Masui Dauphine' was grafted onto 'Reikodai 1 go' and grown in 45 L pots under artificial soil infestation with Ceratocystis ficicola Kajitani et Masuya. Ceratocystis canker resistance, tree growth, and fruit production was assessed by comparing scion growth and fruit production in 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted and 'Masui Dauphine' own-rooted trees. No significant differences in the initial growth of the shoots (first year of planting) was observed between 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted and own-rooted trees. 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted trees demonstrated a tendency towards scion overgrowth. Soil inoculation with C. ficicola (nine times in three years; 2 L of suspension with 10 5 conidia/mL per pot) resulted in the death, or inhibited growth, of own-rooted trees. However, inoculated 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted trees revealed no growth inhibition and had growth similar to those of non-inoculated own-rooted and non-inoculated 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted trees. These results suggest that 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted trees were highly resistant to soil infestation with C. ficicola. No significant differences were observed between 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted trees with or without C. ficicola inoculation in terms of fruit production (considering fruit set, date of maturation, fruit length, width, fruit weight, estimated yield, skin color, and soluble solids content). When comparing fruit production of 'Reikodai 1 go'-grafted and own-rooted trees, no differences were observed between the two in terms of fruit characteristics. Therefore, the use of 'Reikodai 1 go' as a rootstock is unlikely to cause considerable problems in the fruit production of 'Masui Dauphine' fig trees. Overall, shoot growth and fruit production of 'Masui Dauphine' grafted onto 'Reikodai 1 go' were not significantly different from those of the own-rooted trees. Therefore, it is expected that the introduction of 'Reikodai 1 go' rootstock for 'Masui Dauphine' production will be an effective approach for controlling ceratocystis canker.
To understand the influence of yearly changes in air temperature on the development of grapes, we analyzed the records of air temperature and phenological events (budding, blooming) of 'Delaware' grape under open field conditions from 1963 to 2010 in Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan using a generalized linear model (GLM) and model selection with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). In this study area, the average temperature tended to rise over the 48 years. The dates of budding and full bloom became earlier. The average temperatures in February, March, and April were important factors influencing the dates of budding based on the GLM using AIC. This suggested that the dates of budding became earlier because of yearly temperature increases in February and March. The average temperatures in April and May were important factors influencing the dates of full bloom based on the GLM using AIC. This suggested that the dates of full bloom became earlier because of the earlier dates of budding and yearly temperature increase in May. In conclusion, the budding and blooming of 'Delaware' grape in Habikino, Osaka Prefecture have accelerated over the past 48 years: budding has been influenced by the yearly temperature increases February and March, and blooming has been influenced by the earlier of budding and yearly temperature increase in May.
Developmental Changes in 'Delaware' due to Climate Change in Osaka study on 'Delaware' grape.'Delaware' grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) is a table grape cultivar that has the third largest growing area in Japan. Moreover, in Osaka Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan, 'Delaware' is the main cultivar that accounts for 80% (266.7 ha) of grape production (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2018). We previously confirmed that 'Delaware' grape, under open field conditions in Osaka, showed accelerations in budding and full-flowering from 1963 to 2010 (Kamimori et al. 2019) and statistically modeled the relationships between the budding and full-flowering dates and air temperature using data collected over nearly 50 years (Kamimori et al. 2020). The budding and full-flowering dates are indicators of the timing of cultivation management practices, such as pest control, shoot treatment, and gibberellic acid application. Grape growers combine different cropping types or varieties to shift the budding and full-flowering date, when cultivation management
UV-C irradiation increases resveratrol content in grape skins, but it reaches a maximum at a certain UV-C dose. In contrast, UV-B has a weak resveratrol-enhancing effect at low doses, but it has not been investigated at high doses. In this study, we investigated the effect of high-dose UV-B on resveratrol contents in grape skins. Irradiation of Muscat Bailey A with 290 nm UV-B LED at 22 500 and 225 000 μmol m−2 increased the resveratrol contents in the grape skins by 2.1- and 9.0-fold, respectively, without significant increases in other phenolic compounds. The effect was also confirmed for two other cultivars: Shine Muscat and Delaware. Transcriptome analysis of the grape skins of Muscat Bailey A immediately after irradiation with UV-B at 225 000 μmol m−2 showed that genes related to biotic and abiotic stresses were up-regulated. Hence, it was suggested that high-dose UV-B irradiation induces a stress response and specifically activates resveratrol biosynthesis.
The number of leaves in 'Delaware' grape is an excellent indicator to determine the optimal timing for gibberellic acid (GA 3) application to fruit clusters to induce seedless berries. To predict the optimal timing for GA 3 application to 'Delaware' grape, we aimed to develop a method to estimate the accumulated leaf number (LN) on the second shoot (which grows from the second dormant bud from the end of the fruiting mother shoot) from the air temperature. This was undertaken using leafing data from a vineyard in Osaka, Japan from 1987 to 2019. Base temperature (Tb, °C), ranging from −2.5 to 12.5°C with step increases of 2.5°C, was estimated using the coefficient of regression determination (R 2) between LN and effective accumulative temperature (EAT, °C•day) and two types of root mean square error (RMSE) (RMSE of LN and RMSE of the day when LN reached 10.0 leaves). The LN showed a good fit in linear regression with EAT at every Tb (−2.5 to 12.5°C); in particular, a Tb of 7.5°C yielded the highest R 2 and the lowest RMSE. From these results, we determined that the Tb for leaf emergence of 'Delaware' grape was 7.5°C. We then compared the estimation accuracy in predicting leaf emergence using EAT (Tb of 7.5°C) (proposed method) and constant leaf emergence rate per day of 0.36 leaves•day −1 (conventional method). As the RMSE when using the proposed method was lower than the RMSE when using the conventional method, the proposed method was more suitable to predict of optimal timing for GA 3 application than the conventional method. The findings of this study could be used to predict the optimal timing for GA 3 application with high accuracy using LN on the measurement date and forecast values for temperature. Furthermore, the coefficient of the developed equation suggests that the 'Delaware' grape develops 4.0 leaves per EAT of 100°C•day with a Tb of 7.5°C.
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