Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in diverse disciplines, including biology, medicine science. The central question that need to be answered is whether NPs have toxic effects on biological cells and molecules or are they safe. The safety of NPs including targeted drug delivery is critical and so is their toxicity in the environment. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo research on animals has generated abundant information about the toxicity of NPs.However, due to varying laboratory conditions, the comparison of the results from ensuing studies is somewhat unreliable. It should be noted that, depending on the type of production, NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and via digestive routes. Due to the diversity of NPs and their properties, there is paucity of accurate information on their toxicological effects; particle size, shape, surface area and the chemical levels are considered as key factors in creating health and toxicological effects. Consequently, there is a need for reliable information about their effects on various organs so as to deal with NPs effectively and their impact on health and the environment. This review covers the existing knowledge base on the subject that hopefully prepares us better to address these challenges.

Because of the classification of the nickel compounds as carcinogenic substances, there is a need for in vivo tests to nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) for observing their effects on health experimentally. Spherical NiNPs with 10 nm in diameter and 75 ppm concentration were applied for investigating their toxicities within male albino mice as an in vivo model. We randomly made sham group, control group, and 75 ppm group (with five animals in each group). Then, the nanoparticles were injected into mice intraperitonealy for 7 days and after that their lungs, liver, and spleen were removed for histopathological observations. At the end of the test, section microscopic observations of liver, spleen, and lung in sham and control groups showed normal tissues but these tissues underwent significant abnormal effects in 75 ppm group. NiNPs can cause undesirable effects in lungs, liver, and spleen tissues with same condition of this study.

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