Three experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, DE and ME, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and in soybean meal (SBM). In Exp. 1, 9 barrows (initial BW: 13.08 ± 1.98 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained corn starch and SPC or SBM as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Each period lasted 7 d, and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The SID for Ile, Leu, Phe, Pro, and Tyr was greater ( < 0.05) in SPC than in SBM, but for CP and all other AA, no difference between SPC and SBM was observed. In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (initial BW: 13.94 ± 1.34 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. A corn-based diet (96.9% corn) and 2 diets that contained corn and SPC or corn and SBM were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker to marker method with 5-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME in SPC and SBM were calculated using the difference procedure. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE was lower ( < 0.05) in SBM than in corn and the DE and ME in SPC were greater ( < 0.01) than in corn and SBM. In Exp. 3, 40 barrows (initial BW: 14.12 ± 2.08 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 diets in a randomized complete block design with 10 pigs per diet. Two diets were based on SPC or SBM as the sole source of P. Two additional diets were formulated by adding microbial phytase to diets that were otherwise similar to the 2 initial diets. Feces were collected for 5 d after a 5-d adaptation period and values for ATTD and STTD of P were calculated. No differences were observed in ATTD and STTD of P between SPC and SBM, but the ATTD and STTD of P of both SPC and SBM were greater ( < 0.01) if microbial phytase was added to the diets. In conclusion, the concentrations of DE and ME are greater in SPC than in SBM, but the SID of most AA and the STTD of P are not different between SPC and SBM.
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings obtained using the direct procedure are not different from values obtained using the difference procedure. Sixteen ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 69.5 ± 5.0 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8 × 4 Youden Square design with 8 diets and 4 periods. Each period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diet and 2 d of collection of ileal digesta. Four diets were based on soybean meal (SBM), corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the only AA-containing ingredients. Three additional diets were based on a mixture of SBM and corn, SBM and wheat, or SBM and wheat middlings, and a N-free diet was also used. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the SID of CP and AA for the 4 diets containing SBM, corn, wheat, or wheat middlings as the sole source of AA were calculated using the direct procedure. The AID and SID of CP and AA for the 3 mixed diets containing SBM and corn, wheat, or wheat middlings, were also calculated and the contribution of digestible AA from SBM was subtracted from the AID or SID values for the diets. The AID or SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings were subsequently calculated by difference. Results indicated that the AID values for a few AA were lower (P < 0.05) if the direct procedure was used instead of the difference procedure, regardless of ingredient. The AID of Trp was greater in corn and wheat middings, and the SID of Trp in corn and wheat middlings tended to be greater, if the direct procedure rather than the difference procedure was used, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively). However, for all other indispensable AA, and for most dispensable AA, the SID of AA in corn, wheat, and wheat middlings was not different between the difference procedure and the direct procedure. Therefore, values for SID of AA in cereal grains and fiber-rich ingredients may be determined using either the direct or the difference procedure.
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that productivity of sows fed diets containing canola meal produced from high-protein or conventional varieties of canola seeds is not different from that of sows fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diets. A total of 180 sows (initial BW: 207.8 ± 29.11 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 diets with 36 to 40 sows per diet. A 2-phase feeding program was used with gestation diets fed from day 7 of gestation to farrowing and lactation diets fed during the lactation period and from weaning to first estrus. The 5 diets within each phase consisted of a control diet based on corn and SBM, 2 diets were based on corn and high-protein canola meal (CM-HP) that was included to replace 50 or 100% of the SBM in the control diet, and 2 diets contained conventional canola meal (CM-CV) included to replace 50 or 100% of the SBM in the control diet. Soybean hulls were included in diets fed during gestation to standardize the concentration of NDF to approximately 13% in all diets. However, no soybean hulls were used in lactation diets resulting in increased concentrations of NDF as the dietary concentration of CM-HP or CM-CV increased. Results of the experiment indicated that there were no differences in sow BW changes during gestation, in sow BW on day 1 post-farrowing, or at weaning due to dietary treatments. No differences were observed among diets in ADFI during gestation or lactation or in the number of total pigs born, pigs born alive, still-born pigs, or weaned pigs per litter. Likewise, no differences were observed among diets in litter birth weight, live litter birth weight, litter BW at weaning, or litter ADG. As the inclusion level of CM-HP or CM-CV increased, the percentage of pigs surviving during the lactation period increased (linear, P < 0.05), but the wean to first estrus interval also increased as the dietary concentration of CM-CV increased (linear, P < 0.05). Average pig BW at weaning and pig ADG decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as the inclusion level of CM-HP increased. No differences were observed between CM-HP and CM-CV with the exception that pigs born from sows fed CM-CV during gestation had greater (P < 0.05) average live pig birth weight compared with pigs born from sows fed CM-HP during gestation. Results of this experiment indicate that CM-HP or CM-CV may replace all SBM in diets fed to sows during gestation and lactation.
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that both the degree of heating and the time that heat is applied will affect the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 00-rapeseed meal (00-RSM) fed to growing pigs. The 9 treatments were prepared using a conventional 00-RSM that was either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 110ºC for 15 or 30 min or at 150ºC for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 min. In Exp. 1, 20 growing barrows with an average initial body weight of 21.2 ± 1.2 kg were randomly allotted to the 10 diets in a replicated 10 × 4 Youden Square with 10 diets and 4 periods in each square. A corn based basal diet and 9 diets containing corn and each source of 00-RSM were formulated. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. In Exp. 2, nine diets contained one of the 9 sources of 00-RSM as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of AA and CP was formulated. Twenty growing barrows with an initial body weight of 69.8 ± 5.7 kg had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 10 × 7 Youden square design with 10 diets and 7 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. Results from the experiments indicated that there were no effects of autoclaving at 110ºC on DE and ME or on AID and SID of AA in 00-RSM, but DE and ME, and AID and SID of AA were less (P < 0.01) if 00-RSM was autoclaved at 150ºC compared with 110ºC. At 150ºC, there were decreases (quadratic, P < 0.05) in DE and ME, and in AID and SID of AA as heating time increased. In conclusion, autoclaving at 110ºC did not affect ME or SID of AA in 00-RSM, but autoclaving at 150ºC had negative effects on ME and SID of AA and the negative effects increased as heating time increased.
A 20-d experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phytase increases nutrient digestibility, bone ash, and growth performance of pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel phytase (PhyG). Three reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to diets containing 0.23, 0.29, or 0.35% phytate-bound P. A randomized complete block design with 144 individually-housed pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs were adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 days of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day of the experiment. Results indicated that diets containing 0.35% phytate-bound P had reduced (P < 0.01) digestibility of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing less phytate-bound P. Due to increased concentration of total P in diets with high phytate, concentrations, apparent total tract digestible P and bone ash were increased by PhyG to a greater extent in diets with 0.29 or 0.35% phytate-bound P than in diets with 0.23% phytate-bound P (interaction, P < 0.05). At 1,000 FTU/kg, PhyG increased P digestibility and bone P more (P < 0.05) than PhyB. The novel phytase increased (P < 0.01) pig growth performance, and pigs fed diets containing 0.35 or 0.29% phytate-bound P performed better (P < 0.01) than pigs fed the 0.23% phytate-bound P diets. In conclusion, the novel phytase (i.e., PhyG) is effective in increasing bone ash, mineral digestibility, and growth performance of pigs regardless of dietary phytate level.
Two experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and the concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) in non-heat-treated and heat-treated soybean expellers (L-0, L-12, and L-48). L-0 underwent short-term steam conditioning for 60 s, whereas L-12 and L-48 underwent short-term steam conditioning for 60 s and long-term steam conditioning for 12 or 48 min. All heat-treated soybean expellers were expander processed. In experiment 1, 10 ileal-cannulated barrows (54.22 ± 4.54 kg) were allotted to a replicated 5 × 4 Youden square design with eight replicate pigs per diet. Each source of soybean expellers was included in one diet, and a nitrogen-free diet was also used. Results indicated that the SID of AA in non-heat-treated soybean expellers was less (P < 0.01) than in heat-treated soybean expellers. In experiment 2, 40 barrows (17.52 ± 1.63 kg) housed in metabolism crates were allotted to a corn-based diet or four corn–soybean expellers diets. Feces and urine were collected with 5 d adaptation and 4 d collection periods. The ME in non-heat-treated soybean expellers was less (P < 0.01) compared with L-0, L-12, or L-48. In conclusion, the SID of AA and the ME in heat-treated soybean expellers were greater than in non-heat-treated soybean expellers.
Avaliaram-se o desempenho e as características bioquímicas de leitões desmamados, utilizando-se aditivos alternativos em substituição aos antibióticos. Foram utilizados 480 leitões machos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, composto por cinco tratamentos. A ração foi à base de milho, farelo de soja e um núcleo comercial para leitões. Os tratamentos consistiram em T1: ração sem aditivos, T2: dieta basal com antibiótico, T3: dieta basal com adição de prebiótico, T4: dieta basal com adição de probiótico e T5: dieta basal com adição de simbiótico. Foram avaliados peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Em 50 amostras de sangue de leitões, sendo 10 amostras de cada tratamento, avaliaram-se as concentrações séricas de proteínas totais, de albumina e globulina, a relação albumina:globulina e a fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama- glutamiltransferase, colesterol, ureia, cálcio e fósforo e a relação cálcio:fósforo. A substituição de antibióticos por aditivos alternativos não influenciou o desempenho nem as características bioquímicas dos leitões.
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