Background: The extent of metabolic disruption and the usefulness of drugs and supplements, such as medicinal plants, in patients with diabetes may be impacted by the severity of the disease. Method: Nicotinamide + STZ together and STZ alone were used to induce early- and late-stage diabetes type 2 (ET2D and LT2D, respectively) in rats. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed because the stage of disease was considered compatible with the magnitude of deviation from normal glucose tolerance test (GTT), as well as the level of FBS. Three main groups of the study were nondiabetic, early-stage diabetic, and late-stage diabetic rats. Each group was divided into two sub-groups, one of which received Citrullus colocynthis seed aqueous extract (CCAE, 90mg/kg BW) for 28 days. Weekly FBS and body weights were recorded during the study. At the end of 28 days, the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TG, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, c-peptide, and HbA1c were measured; the hepatic mRNA expression of several enzymes of glucose and fat metabolic pathways were also determined by Real-Time PCR. The accumulation of fat in the hepatic tissue was visualized by measuring the TG content and by H&E and Oil-Red staining and the degree of oxidative stress was measured by protein carbonyl content (PCC).Results: The LT2D rats showed maximal deviations from normal GTT. GTT for control and ET2D rats were similar, yet the area under curve (AUC) for ET2D rats was significantly higher. Urea, ALT, and ALP levels were high in diabetic rats compared to control and significantly different from each other.Serum TG dropped and ALT, ALP, HDL and LDL significantly improved after treatment with CCAE. Different patterns of G6Pase and PEPCK expression in ET2D and LT2D suggested their similarity to short- and long-term fasting states, respectively. While the reduction of FBS levels in ET2D could be explained by an inhibition of G6Pase expression and therefore glycogenolysis, the level of PEPCK expression was not significantly lowered by CCAE in LT2D. H&E staining of liver tissue showed steatoses of varying morphology in both ET2D and LT2D rats. CCAE led to up-regulated PPARα and down-regulated CPT1 expressions.Conclusion: As PEPCK activity is necessary for the continuation of the TG/FA cycle during fasting, it is possible that in LT2D, CCAE directed the PEPCK activity more towards glyceroneogenesis than gluconeogenesis to ensure the persistence of the TG/FA cycle. The enhanced glyceroneogenesis together with an up-regulated PPARa expression and down-regulated CPT1 expression probably led to lower blood and hepatic TG. More research is needed to establish the effect of CCAE on PEPCK expression and its course of activity.
Introduction: Physiological hypertrophy of the heart is dependent on cellular pathways and important proteins such as the ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of endurance training on ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 in the left ventricle of the heart of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with streptozotocin and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training diabetic and control diabetic (6 heads in group each). The training group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 8 weeks according to the training program; while the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. Protein content was measured using the Western blot method. The Independent t-test and SPSS software version 16 was used to analyze the data. Results: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in S6K1 protein content (P=0.001); There was also a significant increase in 4EBP1 protein content in the endurance training group compared to the control (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in S6K1 and 4EBP1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects; activation of these proteins may regulate protein synthesis and cardiac hypertrophy.
Background: PPAR-γ and PRDM16 proteins have key role in the metabolism of adipose tissue and the conversion of white tissue to brown adipose tissue. But, the role of exercise on these two important proteins has not been studied in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous training on the level of PPAR-γ and PRDM16 proteins in the adipose tissue in overweight male Sprague-Dawley rats with diabetes. Methods: In this study, 16 two-month old Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 270±20 g were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control (n=8) and continuous training (n=8). The training group exercised according to the training program 4 days a week for 8 weeks while the control group did not have a training program. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Findings: There was a significant increase in the expression of PPAR-γ (P=0.004) and PRDM16 (P=0.0001) proteins in the training group compared to control group. Conclusion: Considering the increase of PPAR-γ and PRDM16 proteins in adipose tissue after continuous exercise and the important role of these two proteins in the fat metabolism, aerobic exercise can be an important mechanism for reducing this tissue in obese individuals and converting white tissue to brown.
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