The emergence of new technological tools has affected and changed the realm of education to a great extent which has led many language practitioners to adopt gradual innovative steps in their teaching methods. Accordingly, flipped learning has been adopted and implemented in different contexts such as ELT. The purpose of this paper is to provide information regarding the definition of flipped learning, its recent literature, its advantages and disadvantages, and to focus on how to apply this approach in English language teaching and learning contexts. The review shows that this approach meets the principles of personalized learning, constructivism, and student-centered instruction which has brought many benefits for both teachers and students and clearly shows teachers’ and students’ roles have been significantly changed comparing with traditional methods of teaching and learning. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it has brought numerous insights and implications for ELT practitioners. The paper concludes with the recommendations in the literature on promoting flipped classroom environments in ELT teaching and learning contexts, which will help ELT teachers and practitioners who are thinking of implementing new technological tools in their teaching practices.
Background and Aim: Considering the critical role of inflammatory responses in periodontal disease, knowledge about the immune system and cytokines seems necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of IL-23 and IL-17 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis, before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: In the present clinical trial, GCF samples were collected from 54 patients (with aggressive and chronic periodontitis) before and after the initial phase of periodontal therapy. The cytokine concentration was measured using ELISA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to analyze the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on each group. The correlation between variables was investigated by the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Non-surgical periodontal therapy in both groups significantly decreased the IL-17 and IL-23 levels (P<0.05). A significant correlation was noted between the concentration of IL-23 and IL-17 before the treatment in the chronic periodontal group (P<0.05), while such a correlation was not seen in the aggressive periodontitis group (P>0.05).
Conclusion:Due to the reduction of IL-17 and IL-23 after nonsurgical periodontal therapy, these factors may play a role as mediators of periodontitis pathogenesis. Direct statistical correlation between the concentration of IL-17 and IL-23 before treatment in the chronic group shows the possible role of IL-23 in inducing Th-17 cells and production of IL-17.
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