Objective: To compare the success of self-drilling and self-tapping methods in the retraction of maxillary anterior teeth. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 57 subjects with Cl II malocclusion who needed to be treated with extraction of four maxillary teeth. The selftapping method was used on the left side and the self-drilling method was used on the right side. Then, the pain rate of each method was recorded by the numerical rating scale (NRS). Statistical analysis was done by t-test and Chi-square test. The significance level in this study was considered at p-value<0.05. Results: Considering the clinical mobility as the failure, the success of treatment was equal in both methods and was 93%. The inflammation around the mini-screws was 8.8%. A significant relationship was found between the variables inflammation and success (p<0.05). The mean pain was 2.47, but there was no significant difference between the two methods in terms of pain score (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.03). The pain was significantly higher in the female. Conclusion: There is no difference between self-drilling and self-tapping methods in terms of success. Comparison of the pain between two genders, according to the replantation method, showed a significant difference in pain sensation between two genders. The pain sensation mean in female group was greater than male group.

Background and Aim: Considering the critical role of inflammatory responses in periodontal disease, knowledge about the immune system and cytokines seems necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of IL-23 and IL-17 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis, before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: In the present clinical trial, GCF samples were collected from 54 patients (with aggressive and chronic periodontitis) before and after the initial phase of periodontal therapy. The cytokine concentration was measured using ELISA. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to analyze the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on each group. The correlation between variables was investigated by the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Non-surgical periodontal therapy in both groups significantly decreased the IL-17 and IL-23 levels (P<0.05). A significant correlation was noted between the concentration of IL-23 and IL-17 before the treatment in the chronic periodontal group (P<0.05), while such a correlation was not seen in the aggressive periodontitis group (P>0.05). Conclusion:Due to the reduction of IL-17 and IL-23 after nonsurgical periodontal therapy, these factors may play a role as mediators of periodontitis pathogenesis. Direct statistical correlation between the concentration of IL-17 and IL-23 before treatment in the chronic group shows the possible role of IL-23 in inducing Th-17 cells and production of IL-17.

Background and aim: The most common form of periodontitis is chronic periodontitis, which is a destructive inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues and is usually associated with pocket formation, changes in density and height of alveolar bone, and sometimes gingival recession. Some patients are resistant to periodontitis treatment due to a weak immune system, smoking, and sometimes due to unknown reasons. Moreover, surgery is impossible in some cases; therefore, clinicians have to approach alternative methods such as laser therapy to achieve successful treatment outcomes. Since there are great differences among the results of previous clinical trials, a review study to investigate the materials and methods section of these studies seems necessary in order to find the reason of the controversies. The methodology of all the intervention studies that have evaluated the effect of diode laser on periodontitis treatment from 1997 to 2017 were examined and the results were reported. Conclusion: randomized controlled trials should comply with the correct protocol. All the details of the treatment protocol and severity of periodontitis should be recorded in order to achieve reliable results. It can be concluded that the results of some of the reviewed studies are not reliable.

Bone cells need solid structures like the extracellular matrix (ECM) for healing injured areas. Finding appropriate materials and fabrication processes for the scaffold is a challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, 3-D porous scaffold was made of Polycaprolactone/Gelatin/Nanoclay (PCL/GNF/NC) and different dosages of silybin (Sil) were loaded by a combination of electrospinning and thermal-induced phase separation (TIPS) techniques. Different experiments like assessing surface morphology, porosity, compressive strength, water contact angle, degradation rate, releasing profile, hemolysis, and cell proliferation were done to assess attributes of fabricated scaffolds. For in vivo evaluation, the calvaria defect model in rats was used and the result was evaluated by histological analysis. Based on the results, the porosity of scaffolds was in the range of 70-90%, and samples containing silybin had lower compress strength and contact angle and higher degradation rate in comparison with samples without silybin. The results showed that PCL/GNF/NC/Sil1% had better cell proliferation bone healing than other studied groups. The results of this study can be considered for further researches to assess the effect of silybin in bone defect treatment.