The Department of Transport in the United Kingdom recorded 25,080 motor vehicle fatalities in 2019. This situation stresses the need for an intelligent transport system (ITS) that improves road safety and security by avoiding human errors with the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Therefore, this survey discusses the current development of two main components of an ITS: (1) gathering of AVs surrounding data using sensors; and (2) enabling vehicular communication technologies. First, the paper discusses various sensors and their role in AVs. Then, various communication technologies for AVs to facilitate vehicle to everything (V2X) communication are discussed. Based on the transmission range, these technologies are grouped into three main categories: long-range, medium-range and short-range. The short-range group presents the development of Bluetooth, ZigBee and ultra-wide band communication for AVs. The medium-range examines the properties of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Finally, the long-range group presents the cellular-vehicle to everything (C-V2X) and 5G-new radio (5G-NR). An important characteristic which differentiates each category and its suitable application is latency. This research presents a comprehensive study of AV technologies and identifies the main advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.

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A morphohistological study was carried out on the pineal organ in 15 species of teleosts belonging to 12 different families. In spite of a general similarity in pineal structure in different species, there is evident a systematic diversity. The majority of species possess saccular pineal organs containing photoreceptors as prominent parenchymal components. The close anatomical relationship of the pineal organs with the relatively thin cranial roof further supports the photosensory nature of this organ in most species. However, in certain species, particularly Corydoras aneus, apparent paucity of sensory cell outer segments, parenchymal proliferation, epithelial compactness and rich vascularization suggest specializations for a predominantly nonsensory and possibly secretory function. On the other hand, the preponderance of sensory cells in the pineal organ of Symphysodon aequifasciatus and Gyrinocheilus aymoneri indicates exceptional adaptations for a predominantly photosensory role. The results are discussed in the light of existing electron microscopic and biochemical investigations which support a secretory function of fish pineal. The need for proper selection of species for future research on pineal function is emphasized.There is also evident a close anatomical relationship between the pineal organ, the dorsal sac and the third ventricle in various species. The possibility of intramural functional relationship of the pineal with these structures and the brain is suggested.The presence of intrapineal neurones and an afferent (pinealofugal) innervation in majority of species is described. The tractus pinealis enters the posterior commissure area. In rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, some branches, right and left, leave the posterior commissure and could be seen to move toward the habenular ganglia. Their destination remains unclear. In jack smelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, a major bundle of tract fibres follows the ventral aspect of the posterior commissure reaching what may be nuclei dorsomedialis-dorsolateralis. The possibility of direct connections with the fasciculus retroflexus is suggested. No evidence could be provided supporting existence of an efferent (pinealopetal) innervation of parenchymal cells in the pineal of species studied. It is pointed out that clarification of this aspect in future is important for a proper understanding of metabolic aspects of pineal organs in fishes.The functional status of pineal organ in fishes has been a subject of intensive research and review, yet little understanding of its physiology has so far been achieved. There is general agreement that in fishes it is photosensory in function (reviews by Tilney and Warren, '19; Gladstone and Wakeley, '40; Kelly, '62; U. Holmgren, '59, '65; Van De Kamer, '65 In spite of the above information our knowledge nf comparative aspects of pineal structure and innervation is still limited and consequently generalizations concerning pineal physiology may not be necessarily valid. The present report on the morphohistology of t...

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Abstract-The Internet of Things (IoT) has been considered as an emerging research area where the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network) protocol stack is considered as one of the most important protocol suite for the IoT. Recently, the Internet Engineering Task Force has developed a set of IPv6 based protocols to alleviate the challenges of connecting resource limited (i.e. power supply, processing and memory) sensor nodes to the Internet. In 6LoWPAN networks, heavy network traffic causes congestion which significantly degrades network performance and effects the quality of service (QoS) aspects e.g. throughput, end-to-end delay and energy consumption. In this paper, we formulate the congestion problem as a noncooperative game framework where the nodes (players) behave uncooperatively and demand high data rate in a selfish way. Then, the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium is proved and the optimal game solution is computed by using Lagrange multipliers and KKT conditions. Based on this framework, we propose a novel and simple congestion control mechanism called game theory based congestion control framework (GTCCF) specially tailored for IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN networks. GTCCF is aware of node priorities and application priorities to support the IoT application requirements. The proposed framework has been tested and evaluated through two different scenarios by using Contiki OS and compared with comparative algorithms. Simulation results show that GTCCF improves performance in the presence of congestion by an overall average of 30.45%, 39.77%, 26.37%, 91.37% and 13.42% in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, number of lost packets and weighted fairness index respectively as compared to DCCC6 algorithm.

Abstract-In this paper, we aim to present a cooperative relaying based two way wireless communication scheme which can provide both spectral and energy efficiency in future wireless networks. To this end, we propose a novel network coding based Dynamic Spectrum Leasing (DSL) technique in which the cognitive secondary users cooperatively relay the primary data for two-way primary communication. In exchange for the relaying services, the primary grants exclusive access to the secondary users for their own activity. We model the random geometry of the ad hoc secondary users using a Poisson point process. We devise a game theoretic framework for the division of leasing time between the primary cooperation and secondary activity phases. We demonstrate that under these considerations and employing network coding, DSL can improve the number of bits that are successfully transmitted by 54% as compared to un-coded direct two way primary communication. Also the energy costs of the proposed DSL scheme are more than 10 times lower. Employing DSL also enables the cognitive users to get reasonable time for their own transmission after increasing the primary spectral and energy efficiency.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was employed to detect Taenia solium DNA in muscle lesions for validation of the meat inspection results of slaughtered pigs. Two sets of oligonucleotide primers, one targeted against the large subunit rRNA gene (TBR primers) and the other targeted against cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (Cox1 primers) of T. solium were used in this study. On reactivity in PCR test, the TBR primers and the Cox1 primers yielded products of 286 and 984 bp, respectively, in cysticercosis positive cases. Both the sets of primers were found to be highly specific, since they did not yield any PCR product in negative controls. A total of 225 pig carcasses were screened for cysticercosis by meat inspection, out of which 25 carcasses with visible cysts (16 viable and 9 degenerated cysts) were also confirmed to be positive for cysticercosis in PCR test. However, out of the 35 carcasses with suspected lesions on meat inspection, only two were found to be positive for cysticercosis in PCR test. The detection limits for both the primer sets were analyzed. The TBR primer set could detect up to 10 pg of cysticercus DNA, whereas the Cox1 primer set could detect only up to 1 ng. It is evident from the study that PCR test is an efficient tool for validation of meat inspection results and also to rule out ambiguity in carcass judgment of suspected cases of porcine cysticercosis.

SYNOPSISThe internal anatomy of the adult of Triboliurn anuphe is described and compared with that of two other species of Tribolium and one species of the genus Latheticus. The taxonomic importance of certain characters is discussed.THE first description of Tribofium unuphe was given by Hinton in 1948, but not until four years later was the species first recorded in Great Britain (Williams & Brett, 1952). Like most of the other members of the genus Tribolium Macleay, it is a pest of stored food products.In this paper the internal anatomy of the adult of Tribolium unaphe is described and the taxonomic importance of some of the features discussed. INTERNAL ANATOMY (1) Alimentary CanalThe alimentary canal (figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4) of T. unuphe comprises the usual three parts, i.e. fore, mid and hind gut.The fore gut consists of the buccal cavity, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the crop and the gizzard. The buccal cavity (Buc) is that part of the fore gut located immediately behind the true mouth and is guarded on each side by a lightly sclerotised, triangular plate ( p ) . The buccal cavity itself opens into the pharynx (Phy), which is differentiated from the succeeding oesophagus (Oe) by being somewhat broader and by its location anterior to the nerve connectives. The oesophagus is distended posteriorly to form a crop (0). The crop is clothed internally with bristles, which are not arranged in rows but scattered over the whole surface ( fig. 4), and which are all directed towards the centre of the crop. The presence of similar bristles has been noted by Aslam (1961) in several members of the Curculionidae. The crop leads directly into the gizzard, which is the widest part of the fore gut and posteriorly extends into the anterior portion of the mesenteron. The gizzard is further differentiated from the preceding crop by having sclerotised rods internally.The mid-gut is the widest portion of the alimentary canal and its anterior end surrounds the cardiac or stomodeal valve (SVfv). The whole of the mesenteron is of uniform diameter, and distributed over its entire external surface are numerous short papillae or crypts. The junction between the mesenteron and the hind gut is guarded by a cup-shaped pyloric valve (PVlv).The hind gut is a convoluted tube of variable diameter divisible into an anterior intestine, made up of an ileum and a colon, and a more posterior rectum. That region of the ileum containing the pyloric valve lies just anterior to, and above, the hind margin of the third visible sternite (the true fifth). From this point the ileum turns first downwards and then forwards so that it comes to lie beneath the mid-gut and to the left of the mid-line. The ileum runs anteriorly until it almost reaches the left hind coxal cavity, where it loops upwards and then, as the colon, runs posteriorly, widening gradually until it reaches the rectal valve (Rev). At this point the colon