Boswellic acids, derived from the Boswellia serrata plant, have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties in experimental animal models. The present study was aimed to evaluate the uro-protective effect of boswellic acids in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Interstitial cystitis was induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). In order to analyze the reduction of the urothelial damage, the bladder weight, the nociception response, and the Evans blue dye extravasation from the bladder were evaluated. To investigate the involvement of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidants CAT, SOD, and GPX and MPO and NO were evaluated. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured by the ELISA immunoassay technique. The results showed that pretreatment with boswellic acids significantly reduced urothelial damage which was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of MDA, CPO, and NO levels and prevention of the depletion of CAT, SOD, and GPX. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were dramatically reduced by boswellic acids. Histopathological findings revealed a considerable reduction in cellular infiltration, edema, epithelial denudation, and bleeding. Our findings showed that boswellic acids, by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, negate the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide on the bladder, suggesting boswellic acids as promising therapeutic alternatives for cystitis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as any abnormality and impaired kidney functions for more than three months. Most common causes of CKD is diabetes and hypertension. Objective: To determine the association between renal length and echogenicity in patients with or without chronic kidney disease. Methods: In Gilani Ultrasound Centre ,Lahore a descriptive study was conducted on Ultrasound Machine, Nemio 17 Toshiba.70 patients with or without chronic kidney disease were included. Patients with no previous clinical record of diabetes, high blood pressure and age below than 15 were excluded. Results: Data analysis demonstrated that total of 70 patients, (35 normal and 35 with CKD ) were selected in our study.Out of 70, 46(65.7%) were male and 24(34.3%) were female. Our results shows that (out of 70 patients) in right kidney echogenicity, 36(51.0%) no; of patients shows normal echogenicity with grade 0, 18(25.7%) with grade I, 10(14.3%) with grade II, 6(8.6%) with grade III , and in left kidney echogenicity ,37(52.9%) no;of patients shows normal echogenicity with grade 0,16(22.9%) with grade I, 10(14.3%) with grade II, 7(10.0%) with grade III. respectively a significant correlation of CKD with right and left renal were found as ,in right renal length with CKD mean length was 8.914 ±1.43 and without CKD ,10.4 ± 1.2 similarly in left renal length with CKD mean length was 9.49 ± 1.48 and without CKD,10.28 ±1.14.There is also a significant correlation was found between CKD ,right and left renal echogenicity ( significant P value is .000 for right and .000 for left renal length). Conclusion: Study concluded that echogenicity and renal length can help us to estimate the severity of CKD. It also states that there is a significant association, that was found between renal echogenicity, renal length and CKD.