Objective: Interprofessional education (IPE) is becoming increasingly popular and highly recommended for inclusion in curricula for healthcare professionals. Implementing IPE may improve students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward collaborative teamwork, thereby improving health services and health outcomes for patients. This work aimed to explore nursing and medical students’ perceptions of IPE and social interactions.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted using a purposive sample of eight nursing and medical students. Data were collected via two semi-structured focus-group sessions and were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.Results: Five main themes and seven subthemes emerged. The main themes were (1) IPE meaning, (2) IPE barriers, (3) IPE facilitators, (4) social interactions, and (5) bridging gaps in students’ perspectives. We found that students from both schools had a clear understanding of the definition and importance of IPE. Students reported that lack of interaction is an issue that they have never attempted to address. Students highlighted that IPE enhances IP collaboration and teamwork.Conclusions: Teaching students about IP communication and professional roles and involving students in joint sessions prepare them for a promising future of high-quality patient care.
The anomeric effect refers to the tendency of an electronegative substituent at C2 in a pyran to be lower in energy when in the axial orientation than in the equatorial orientation. By examining the geometric and electronic parameters of a sequence of monosubstituted tetrahydro‐2H‐pyrans (‐CH3 ‐OH and ‐CH2OH) and comparing them to a set of similarly substituted cyclohexanes the steric factors can be evaluated and the magnitude of the electronic interaction can be evaluated. The changes in the bond lengths and bond angles that occur when an oxygen is substituted for a CH2 in the pairs of molecules (cyclohexanes versus the pyrans) show that steric interactions cannot explain all the structural stabilities and energies. Natural Bond Orbital analysis shows that donation of electron density from the ring oxygen occurs in all three pyrans) but, as expected, is most significant in 2‐hydroxyl tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran. There appears to be little or no donation of electron density is the substituted cyclohexanes . Recognizing that the cyclic configuration of glucopyranose is a substituted tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran and that the ‐CH2OH substituent plays a major role in determining the energetic stability of the compound, analysis of this series of compounds can determine the significance of many of the electronic interaction in glucopyranose . The NBO analysis helps to quantify the details of the electronic interactions that contribute to the geometrical structure of α− and β−D‐glucopyranose.
Previous work has established the stable structures and energetics of α− and β−D‐glucopyranose in the gas phase but some examination of the behavior of glucose in aqueous solution is necessary to provide a more realistic picture. By starting with the gas phase optimized geometries of α− and β−D‐glucose, thermochemistry calculations were done and gas phase conformational free energies (ΔG°) were calculated. The geometry optimizations were done using 6‐31G+(d,p), 6‐31G++(d,p), 6‐311G+(d,p) and 6‐311++(d,p) basis sets with HF, DFT (B3LYP) and MP2 methods. The B3LYP/6‐311G++(d,p) gas phase optimized geometries were reoptimized with several solvent models: IEF‐PCM (Integral Equation Formalism of the Polarized Continuum Model) , CPCM (the Conductor‐like Polarized Continuum Model, and SMD (the Solvation Model based on electron Density). CPCM gave results most consistent with experimental values and was used for examining the relationships between energy and geometry. Two‐dimensional scans of energy versus the H‐O‐C1‐O dihedral, the H‐O‐C6‐C5 dihedral and the O‐C6‐C5‐O dihedrals show results consistent with the gas phase results: Only the orientation of hydroxymethyl substituent at C5 ring makes any significant contribution to the energy. The stable rotamers seen in the gas phase (gg, gt, and tg relating the orientation of the hydroxymethyl group at C5) are also seen the solvated molecules but with different relative energies. Three‐dimensional scans of energy versus the two dihedrals in in the hydroxymethyl group (HOCC and OCCO) were done for both α− and β−D‐glucopyranose to develop a potential energy surface to confirm the geometries of the low energy structures and establish consistency with the gas phase results. These scans were also relaxed scans in which the geometry was optimized at each 5° step using the B3LYP method with the 6‐311G++(d,p) basis set and the CPCM solvation model with water as the solvent.
Various studies have shown that 2‐hydroxyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran has a negative conformational energy and is said to manifest an anomeric effect. The cause of the anomeric effect is not well understood and by computationally studying the energies and geometries of a series of compounds in a series of solvent systems, the contributions of steric factors, of hyperconjugation effects, of stereoelectronic interactions and solvent interactions to the relative stability of axial and equatorial conformers were investigated. A series of monosubstituted cyclohexanes with minimal electronic interactions were studied followed by a series of monosubstituted tetrahydro‐2H‐pyrans. The relaxed scans of energy as a function of the orientation of the ring substituent of the tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran series show the combination of the electronic effects and the steric effects and comparison to the scans of the cyclohexane series to the allowed separation of the electronic effects from the steric effects. Natural Bond Orbital analysis of the full sequence of both sets of compounds is used to establish the extent of any hyperconjugative effects. To study the solute‐solvent interactions, the energy and geometry studies were repeated using a continuum solvent model with water (ε = ~80), acetone (ε = ~20) and cyclohexane (ε = ~2) selected as the solvent.
In order to better evaluate the contributors to the conformational energy of D‐Glucopyranose, the geometry‐energy relationships for a sequence of model compounds was determined. The conformational energies of 1‐Hydroxy (equatorial) 3‐Hydroxymethylcyclohexane and 2‐Hydroxy 6‐ Hydroxymethyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran were used to model D‐Glucopyranose. The conformational energies were determined at the B3LYP/6‐311G++(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++(d,p) levels in the gas phase and solution. The relative B3LYP energy as a function of the orientation of the substituents were determined by relaxed scans as the –CH2‐OH at C5 was rotated about the OCCO and HOCC dihedrals and the –OH at C1 was rotated about the HOCO dihedral. The lowest energy rotamers for the axial (α) and equatorial (β) conformers were used to calculate the conformational energy. Because solute‐solvent interactions have significant effects on the relative stability of the axial and equatorial conformers, the energy versus dihedral scans were repeated using a continuum solvent model with water (ε = ~80), acetone (ε = ~20) and cyclohexane (ε = ~2) selected as the solvent.
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