Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Strain Elastography in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules taking fine needle aspiration cytology as gold standard. Study Design and Setting: It was a cross sectional study conducted at Radiology department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi from May 2019 to June 2020 Methodology: Total 586 patients with complaints of swelling in region of thyroid gland were enrolled in study on which Strain Elastography was performed using linear transducer with ultrasound frequency of 7.5 MHz. The results of strain Elastography were compared with histopathology. All the information was recorded into predesigned proforma. Chi-square test was used for comparison among categorical variables and when it has not worked then imitation of Monte Carlos was applied and to see agreement among various categorical variables Kappa statistics were performed. Level of statistical significance was accepted as P < 0.05. Results: The sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 80.2%, positive predictive value of 61.7%, negative predictive value of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 85% of elastography was calculated in differentiation among benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Conclusion: Strain elastography is noninvasive technique which can be used to characterize thyroid nodules and helps in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules and can limit the utilization of invasive technique like FNAC and helps in selection of patients which needs surgery.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic ring enhancing brain lesions taking histopathological findings as gold standard. Study Design and Setting: The cross sectional study was conducted at Radiology department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre. Methodology: Total 102 patients with ring enhancing lesions detected on MRI brain contrast studies were selected for this study. Cases were referred from Outpatient Department of Neurology Clinics who were suspected of having space occupying lesions in brain. Full history, clinical examination and laboratory investigations (Complete Blood Count and ESR) were carried out. The patients having claustrophobia, metallic implants, cardiac pacemaker and having metallic foreign body in situ were excluded from the study. Informed consent was taken from the research and MRS was performed. On MRS, lesion was categorized and final diagnosis was taken based on histopathology results. All the information was recorded into predesigned proforma. Patients Data was scrutinized by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 21.0). Mean + SD was calculated for age, gender, duration of symptoms and size of the lesion. Results: The average age of the patients was 35.45±10.36 years. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of MRS was 87.5%, 93.3%, 95.5%, 89.7% and 92.1% respectively. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be effective in discerning neoplastic from non-neoplastic ring enhancing cerebral lesions, thus avoiding an invasive procedure like brain biopsy

Background: Retinoblastoma is a rare tumor of eye in the pediatric population. It is seen in every 15000-18000 births with no gender or racial predilection. Retinoblastoma can have a variable presentation ranging from leukocoria to a mass in the eye. Aim: To provide physicians a snapshot of different modes of presentation. This study employs the data from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analyzing it for frequency of different presentations from a radiological point of view. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out at the National Institute of Child Health (NICH) which is the largest tertiary care pediatric center in Karachi, Pakistan. Records of children from 1 month to 16 years who were diagnosed with retinoblastoma between March 2021 to March 2022 were accessed from the database and assessed. The collected data was then analyzed on SPSS 26. Results: The most frequent presentation noted was leukocoria followed by vision loss, swelling, pain and redness. Calcification was the most frequently reported feature in CT scan whereas retroglobular involvement was mostly seen in MRI scans. Chi square showed a statistically significant correlation between age at presentation with presenting symptoms (p=0.04) and sellar involvement (p=0.00). Additionally, statically significant association was seen between family history and laterality in our study. Conclusion: MRI is the recommended modality due to its sensitivity and superior soft-tissue resolution. CT scan is superior to MRI in detecting calcifications. In developing countries due to a lack of proper facilities and awareness, there is a disparity in the prognosis and presentation of retinoblastoma. Bilateral tumors are most commonly heritable and patients presenting with tumors in both eyes are recommended a through genetic workup. Keywords: Retinoblastoma, ocular tumor, leukocoria, red eye, Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography

Background: Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy is a frequently encountered occurrence in a pediatric setting and more prevalent in the low middle income countries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a reliable source of investigation. Our study determined the imaging findings and cause of Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in children referred for MR Imaging to our radiology department. Study design: A prospective cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Our prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a pediatric tertiarycare hospital, of Karachi Pakistan from 1st November 2021 to 30th October 2022. Methods: Our study included children from newborns to 16 years of age who either had a history of fits, abnormal APGAR score, delayed cry or delayed milestones. The brain MRI was performed on 1.5 tesla scanner with a standard protocol and interpreted by Experienced Radiologists Findings were recorded on anExcel Sheet and data was analyzed on SPSS version 26. Our study included children from newborns to 16 years of age who were at risk of hypoxic insult and were born to mothers who had hypertension, diabetes milletus, history of maternal substance abuse and maternal history of fits history of fits and children who had a history of fits, abnormal APGAR score, delayed cry and/or delayed milestones. Children who were born via instrumental delivery were excluded from our study. Result: A total number of 187 patients were included in our study with 98 males and 89 females. The most common age group involved was from age >1 year to 5 years (50.3%). The most common presenting complaints included delayed milestones (63.6%) and fits (59.9%), delayed cry (52.4). On examination 42.2% had microcephaly. One-third of the patients had a positive maternal history for diabetes mellitus, hypertension and anemia. APGAR score was checked at 1 minute and 5 minute which showed the most common APGAR score of 3-6 which was seen in 81.8% of the patients. On MR Imaging 54.5% had periventricular leukomalacia, 35.3% had deep gray matter involvement, 3.7% had germinal matrix hemorrhage, and only 1.6% had watershed infarcts. A statically significant association was seen between gestation at birth and periventricular leukomalacia (P=<0.5). Conclusion: Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy is a common occurrence in our society and MRI is the recommended modality due to its sensitivity and superior soft-tissue resolution. In developing countries due to a lack of proper facilities and awareness, there is an increased incidence of HIE which leads to increased morbidity therefore increasing awareness and early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Keywords: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pediatric population

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