Background: Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy is a frequently encountered occurrence in a pediatric setting and more prevalent in the low middle income countries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered a reliable source of investigation. Our study determined the imaging findings and cause of Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in children referred for MR Imaging to our radiology department. Study design: A prospective cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Our prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a pediatric tertiarycare hospital, of Karachi Pakistan from 1st November 2021 to 30th October 2022. Methods: Our study included children from newborns to 16 years of age who either had a history of fits, abnormal APGAR score, delayed cry or delayed milestones. The brain MRI was performed on 1.5 tesla scanner with a standard protocol and interpreted by Experienced Radiologists Findings were recorded on anExcel Sheet and data was analyzed on SPSS version 26. Our study included children from newborns to 16 years of age who were at risk of hypoxic insult and were born to mothers who had hypertension, diabetes milletus, history of maternal substance abuse and maternal history of fits history of fits and children who had a history of fits, abnormal APGAR score, delayed cry and/or delayed milestones. Children who were born via instrumental delivery were excluded from our study. Result: A total number of 187 patients were included in our study with 98 males and 89 females. The most common age group involved was from age >1 year to 5 years (50.3%). The most common presenting complaints included delayed milestones (63.6%) and fits (59.9%), delayed cry (52.4). On examination 42.2% had microcephaly. One-third of the patients had a positive maternal history for diabetes mellitus, hypertension and anemia. APGAR score was checked at 1 minute and 5 minute which showed the most common APGAR score of 3-6 which was seen in 81.8% of the patients. On MR Imaging 54.5% had periventricular leukomalacia, 35.3% had deep gray matter involvement, 3.7% had germinal matrix hemorrhage, and only 1.6% had watershed infarcts. A statically significant association was seen between gestation at birth and periventricular leukomalacia (P=<0.5). Conclusion: Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy is a common occurrence in our society and MRI is the recommended modality due to its sensitivity and superior soft-tissue resolution. In developing countries due to a lack of proper facilities and awareness, there is an increased incidence of HIE which leads to increased morbidity therefore increasing awareness and early diagnosis is of utmost importance. Keywords: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pediatric population
Background: Retinoblastoma is a rare tumor of eye in the pediatric population. It is seen in every 15000-18000 births with no gender or racial predilection. Retinoblastoma can have a variable presentation ranging from leukocoria to a mass in the eye. Aim: To provide physicians a snapshot of different modes of presentation. This study employs the data from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analyzing it for frequency of different presentations from a radiological point of view. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out at the National Institute of Child Health (NICH) which is the largest tertiary care pediatric center in Karachi, Pakistan. Records of children from 1 month to 16 years who were diagnosed with retinoblastoma between March 2021 to March 2022 were accessed from the database and assessed. The collected data was then analyzed on SPSS 26. Results: The most frequent presentation noted was leukocoria followed by vision loss, swelling, pain and redness. Calcification was the most frequently reported feature in CT scan whereas retroglobular involvement was mostly seen in MRI scans. Chi square showed a statistically significant correlation between age at presentation with presenting symptoms (p=0.04) and sellar involvement (p=0.00). Additionally, statically significant association was seen between family history and laterality in our study. Conclusion: MRI is the recommended modality due to its sensitivity and superior soft-tissue resolution. CT scan is superior to MRI in detecting calcifications. In developing countries due to a lack of proper facilities and awareness, there is a disparity in the prognosis and presentation of retinoblastoma. Bilateral tumors are most commonly heritable and patients presenting with tumors in both eyes are recommended a through genetic workup. Keywords: Retinoblastoma, ocular tumor, leukocoria, red eye, Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.