Background. Deep wound infection (DWI) in total knee (TKA) and total hip (THA) arthroplasty has been shown to highly correlate with superficial surgical site infection (SSSI). Although several studies have reported hospital factors that predispose to SSSI, patient factors have not been clearly elucidated. Methods. All patients undergoing TKA (n = 1181) and THA (n = 1124) surgery during the period 1977–1995 at our institution were observed at the end of a 30‐day post‐operative period. Thirty‐three patients that developed SSSI during this period constituted the study group. The control group was composed of 64 matched subjects that did not develop SSSI. A chart review was applied to abstract DWI cases during the first 18 post‐operative months for the study group and for an average of 6.7 years for the control group (range 5–18.2 years). Potential risk factors for SSSI were used as predictors of SSSI in a logistic regression analysis. Results. During the 18‐month observation period 19 out of the 33 study subjects (58%) developed DWI. No DWI was registered in the control group (the difference was significant, p < 0.0001). Of the nine pre‐operative, five intra‐operative, and five post‐operative factors examined, only hematoma formation (odds ratio = 11.8; p = 0.001) and days of post‐operative drainage (odds ratio = 1.32; p = 0.01) were significant predictors of SSSI. The cases consumed more health care resources at all stages of the medical process. Conclusions. Our results (1) confirm the strong correlation between the probability of developing DWI and SSSI: (2) indicate that hematoma formation and persistent post‐operative drainage increase the risk of SSSI. We hypothesize that post‐operative monitoring of patients for hematoma and persistent drainage enables earlier intervention that may lower the risk of developing SSSI and subsequent DWI. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Warm, moist compress therapy applied to the skin of the closed eyelids increases TFLLT for subjects with MGD by more than 80%, 5 minutes after initiating treatment and an additional 20% after 15 minutes of treatment. This study supports clinical experience and previous reports on warm, moist compress therapy as an effective treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction.

Sonographic measurements allow accurate determination of splenic volume. Estimating splenic volume with the formula 0.524 x W x T x (ML + CCL) / 2 provides the greatest overall accuracy.

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Congenital and acquired abnormalities may alter the anatomy, size, or position of the azygos system. Computed tomography is often able to depict these abnormalities and in many cases indicate the cause. In this article, the normal anatomy of the azygos system is discussed and examples of congenital and acquired abnormalities are presented.

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