SUMMARY Succinate accumulates during ischemia, and its oxidation at reperfusion drives injury. The mechanism of ischemic succinate accumulation is controversial and is proposed to involve reversal of mitochondrial complex II. Herein, using stable-isotope-resolved metabolomics, we demonstrate that complex II reversal is possible in hypoxic mitochondria but is not the primary succinate source in hypoxic cardiomyocytes or ischemic hearts. Rather, in these intact systems succinate primarily originates from canonical Krebs cycle activity, partly supported by aminotransferase anaplerosis and glycolysis from glycogen. Augmentation of canonical Krebs cycle activity with dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate both increases ischemic succinate accumulation and drives substrate-level phosphorylation by succinyl-CoA synthetase, improving ischemic energetics. Although two-thirds of ischemic succinate accumulation is extracellular, the remaining one-third is metabolized during early reperfusion, wherein acute complex II inhibition is protective. These results highlight a bifunctional role for succinate: its complex-II-independent accumulation being beneficial in ischemia and its complex-II-dependent oxidation being detrimental at reperfusion.

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The latest Maori Electoral Option (MEO) resulted in a seventh Maori seat in Parliament contested in the recent election. Over a four-month period in 2001, 18,738 Maori exercised their Option to shift electoral rolls-threequarters of them moving from the General roll to the Maori roll. This paper looks at the latest Option and its effectiveness as a communication campaign. The MEO is controversial because many New Zealanders are divided about the democratic fairness of separate Maori seats. The spectre of a dozen Maori electorates, if all Maori join the Maori roll, is unnerving to opponents who concentrate their fire upon the cost and conduct of the campaign. The MEO challenges traditional assumptions about objective political communication. The Option pioneered a systemized method of kanohi ki te kanohi (face-to-face) communication. Developed by Maori for Maori, the model has been used in other government communication campaigns but remains controversial because of the lack of centralised control over the delivered message and the difficulty of measuring the campaign's success. This paper explores the issues surrounding its methods and effectiveness.

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I know that you are using a critical perspective in your research, and yet, I can't understand why this seems to have so little impact on your teaching [1]: I find it really curious.I have felt quite puzzled about the apparent contradiction between the research and teaching activities of many accounting academics for some years, and found that reflecting on various readings in feminist ethics has provided one way of explaining this phenomenon. In this article, I first present some theorizing from feminist ethics and associated topics. As well as grounding the specific empirical question in this article, I see this work as adding to the budding feminist literature in accounting (see the special editions in both Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal (1992) and Accounting, Organisations and Society (1992) for examples). Second, I reconstruct the various responses I have received from my academic colleagues when I have expressed my curiosity about the apparent contradiction between their practice of critical research and non-critical teaching practice. Within this, I use notions of difference to distinguish my academic practice from those of my colleagues, at the same time identifying current elements in the morals/politics of academic life. Finally, I illustrate how the idea of a "generalized other" is useful for understanding aspects of accounting education. Stages of moral development: the Kohlberg-Gilligan controversyThis particular controversy had a starting point in 1981, when Kohlberg presented empirical research, based on, and extending, Piaget's stages of child development theorizing. Essentially, Kohlberg claimed that women's habits of moral reasoning were immature in comparison with men's. This conclusion was drawn from the "fact" that women were less able to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of justice, right and duty (Kohlberg, 1981).