The orange-pigmented Thraustochytrium, CHN-1 strain was found to contain astaxanthin as the main carotenoid pigment. Echinenone, canthaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin and beta-carotene were also identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-mass spectrometry. The total extractable carotenoid level was found to increase with culture age.
Marine sponges were collected at Hiro or Hatami, Hiroshima Prefecture, Aki Nada in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Arsenic compounds were extracted with methanol/water (1:1, v/v) from freeze-dried samples of the marine sponges Haliclona permolis, Halichondria japonica, Halichondria okadai and Haliclona sp. white. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer serving as an arsenic-specific detector. Arsenobetaine 5 and the two arsenosugars as 6 and 7 were identified in all samples targeted, and these three compounds accounted for 74 to 96% of the water-soluble arsenic in all four species of sponge. Arsenosugar was the major arsenic species in all four species of sponge. The most abundant arsenic compound in all four species of sponge was arsenosugar 7, and arsenosugar 6 was only a minor component. The arsenobetaine and arsenosugar concentrations were considerably higher in the three sponges from demospongiae (H. permolis, H. japonica and H. okadai) compared with the single species from calcispongiae (Haliclona sp. white).
To provide a better understanding of the arsenic cycle in the marine ecosystem and marine biotechnological viewpoints, the present study is intended to identify arsenic compounds contained in marine sponges. Marine sponges were collected off the coastal waters of Magsaysay Islet within Bohol Sea near Mindanao (Philippines) and in the Seto Inland Sea (Japan) by skin-diving. Watersoluble arsenic compounds were extracted with methanol-water (1: 1, v/v) from freeze-dried samples of 13 marine sponges. The extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS) serving as an arsenic-specific detector. All marine sponges contained arsenobetaine [(CH 3 ) 3 As + CH 2 COO − ], 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 5-deoxy-5-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranoside (arseno-sugar X), and 3-glycerophosphoryl-2-hydroxy-1-[5-deoxy-5-(dimethylarsinoyl)-β-ribofuranosyloxy]propane (arseno-sugar X1), among which arsenosugarX1 was most abundant in the Jaspis spp., Suberites spp. and four Japanese sponges. Also, a linear relationship existed between total water-soluble arsenic and arsenobetaine
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