Ancient trees are important habitats, confer vital ecological roles and function as cultural legacies. Old trees with large girth are keystone structures in various ecosystems. We aim to present which species amongst the greatest Hungarian trees (and some other phanerophyte plants) are damaged by polypores (the most important agents of wood decay), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (usually causing root tumour) or ivy (competing against the native vegetation and causing windthrow damage) and at what extent and frequency; and whether there is a relationship between these types of damage and the origin of the species (native or adventive) or its situation (solitary or surrounded by other trees). We measured 2,000 trees, belonging to 29 native and 43 non-native species. Polypore infection could be detected in 12.2% of the observed 531 settlements, 22.8% are damaged by Agrobacterium and 29.6% by ivy, while 51.2% by other types of pests and diseases. Altogether, one third of the observed 2000 ancient or veteran trees suffered from one or more types of damage. A total of 33.5% of the native species (519 specimens out of 1550) and 28.7% of the adventives (129 trees out of 450) are damaged by any (or more than one) of the mentioned infections or ivy. Mostly, damage occurred to those old trees that stand in a park or forest, while the single (solitary) trees were usually healthy. The most infected regions are the western and south-western counties, while the Northern Hungarian Mountain Range is much less affected, despite its great sample size. Low damage was detected in the Great Hungarian Plain, but the number of sample areas and veteran trees was also low here. The damage to old trees remains without any management or healing in Hungary, since the only effective solution would be prevention.
Old trees with large girth are important habitats in various ecosystems, and function as cultural legacies as well. Our aims were to measure the greatest (considering girth) trees of Hungary, and compile their main data (including their health status and accessibility). We measured altogether 2000 trees in the area of 531 Hungarian settlements, belonging to 29 native and 43 non-native species. 1550 specimens belong to native species, while 450 are adventive. The most frequent among the greatest tree species is beech (Fagus sylvatica; 400 specimens) and the oak genus (Quercus spp.; 427 specimens). Most of them stand in a park or forest (not as a solitary tree), and live in the Northern Hungarian Mountain Range, while there is a low number of veteran trees in the Great Hungarian Plain. In terms of health status, at least three-quarters of the measured trees are in fair condition. From the registration in the nation-wide online database till our measurement (i.e., between 2000 and 2018) 121 great trees died, mostly due to natural causes (dehydration, storm damage). This number proves that any kind of documentation is important. More than half of the trees are easily accessible, while only about 9% is very difficult to reach. There is only a very limited case when a great tree receives legal protection at the local or national level even on its own or the habitat where it stands.
Big trees contribute to various ecosystem functions and spiritual values are given to them by local people, yet they are endangered. We compiled the health status, accessibility, and local habitat categories of the 2000 biggest (considering girth) trees in Hungary in 531 settlements. A total of 1550 specimens belong to 29 indigenous species, while 450 are non-indigenous (43 species). Most of them stand in a forest or park (not as a solitary tree), in the North Hungarian Range. Altogether, half of the ancient trees in Hungary stand in human-altered environments. Three-quarters are in a fair health condition. However, only 10.3% of the biggest white willows and 24.5% of the biggest sweet chestnuts are in good or excellent condition. A number of 121 big trees should no longer be listed in the nationwide online database because they died, or no longer reach the girth criteria (e.g., due to breakage). This number proves that any kind of documentation is important. More than half of the trees are easily accessible, while 9% are very difficult to reach. Only a very few big trees receive legal protection at the local or national level, on their own or in the habitat where they stand.
Having reviewed the literature on cutting and based on the optical, electron-optical and morphological examinations of wear processes we have reached the conclusion that it is possible to describe the abrasive, adhesive and thermally activated diffusion, oxidation processes in a single mathematical model. The model is a non-linear autonomous differential equation, which can be solved by simple numerical methods. The complex wear equation was validated by the results of the cutting tests performed with P20 carbide on C45 carbon steel. If we have this data, we can calculate the activation energy of the process determining the nature of the wear process. The apparent activation energy of wear is Q=151,7kJ/mol. The model can even be used with changing technological parameters, and the data necessary for the constants of the wear equation may as well be determined even by measurements performed on the tool during industrial manufacturing. By the mean of this data, we can calculate the activation energy determining the nature of the wear process.
Az európai és a hazai hárs-kultusz áttekintését adjuk. Amint a régi időkben, úgy ma is előszeretettel kapcsol a néphit legendákat, históriákat, neves személyeket a hársfákhoz. Munkánk során olyan dunántúli hársfákat vizsgáltunk meg, melyek amellett, hogy legendákat őriznek, méreteik, alakjuk és koruk miatt is elismerést érdemelnek. A dendrológiai mérések alapján Magyarország legnagyobb élő fája az ötvöskónyi kastélyparkban álló nagylevelű hárs. A szőkedencsi temetődombi kislevelű hársfa két főtörzsének együttes mérésekor az ötvöskónyinál nagyobb értéket kaptunk, azonban az alacsony elágazás miatt ezt az egyedet hátrébb soroltuk. A süttői hársat ritka összefogás övezi. A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum megalapításának emlékére ültetett sopronhorpácsi kislevelű hárs ugyanakkor méltatlanul elhanyagolt. A nagycenki hársfasor, bár sokat vesztett egykori szépségéből, még mindig Európa egyik legszebb fasora.
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