Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an uncommon, demyelinating disease that causes long-term disability in adults. Though much has recently been learned about its pathogenesis, there are still only a few studies regarding the epidemiology of NMO. The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology of NMO among adults in the Merseyside county of the United kingdom. Multiple overlapping sources of data were used including hospital records of The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Liverpool, regional district general hospital data, central Aquaporin-4 antibody testing laboratory data and the British Neurological Surveillance Unit- to identify adults with a first-ever-in-a-lifetime diagnosis of NMO. As of December 31, 2010, there were eight cases (five NMO; three NMO spectrum disorder), indicating a prevalence of 7.2/million (95 % CI 3.1-14.2). Four incident cases of NMO and three incident cases of NMO spectrum disorder were identified in this period, indicating a minimum combined average annual incidence rate of 0.8/million (95 % CI 0.3-1.6). NMO still remains an uncommon condition, but the prevalence is rising with early diagnosis.

The evolution of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from a rare, incurable and misunderstood disease with almost universally poor outcomes to its present state in just over a decade is unprecedented in neurology and possibly in medicine. Our knowledge of NMOSD biology has led to the recognition of wider phenotypes, new disease mechanisms, and thus clinical trials of new and effective treatments. This article aims to update readers on the recent developments in NMOSD with particular emphasis on clinical advances, the 2015 diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, imaging, and therapeutic interventions.

UK neurology has many different models of provision and a shortage of essential clinical staff. Services are sometimes unsatisfactory and there is much variation and inequality, especially in areas outside London where there are far fewer consultants. Some hospitals have much better staffed and resourced neurological services than others which may have far less provision or even no neurology service at all. There is no national strategy or agreed model of service delivery-local areas have evolved individual arrangements, often dictated by consultant availability. We describe, with clear operational details, a neurology network model in a large population, with outcomes. In many areas with limited resources it could, by re-organisation of current services, be considered instead of existing separate, variable and potentially inequitable local arrangements.

In the early stages of this disease, careful examination may be necessary to distinguish the signs of ataxia from orthopaedic disease such as hip dysplasia. Affected animals are unlikely to be of use as working dogs.

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