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Biogenic energy cycle: Manifold types of biological wastes can be converted into a valuable coal by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Hereafter green biofuels can be obtained by direct coal liquefaction (DCL) more efficiently than directly from biomass. After combustion of biofuels, carbon dioxide and water can be used for plant growth to close the energy cycle in an environmentally sustainable way.

Hydroxyl radical intermediates are trapped in calcined Cu/HY zeolites in the presence of oxygen and water. This suggests that hydrogen peroxide is formed in situ from oxygen. Brønsted acids enhance the formation of the radicals.