Direct liquefaction of lower-rank coals and biocoals with magnetically separable catalysts as a sustainable route to fuels

Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Humins in Mixtures of Formic Acid/2‐Propanol with Supported Ruthenium Catalysts

“…Moreover, liquefaction of these materials mainly results in a reduction in the O/C ratio and not in an increase in the H/C ratio. As such, hydrogenation occurs to a far less extent with the liquefaction of the HTC materials than that with our procedure involving a hydrogen donor (H 2 and/or IPA) …”

“… A van Krevelen plot showing the composition of the humin sample, two humin oils, and data for HTC materials and liquefaction products …”

“…Recently, Trautment et al. reported studies on the catalytic treatment of HTC materials to generate biofuels . Various HTC materials were tested by using nickel on titania as the catalyst at temperatures between 473 and 523 K, and reaction times between 3 and 20 h. Hydrogen is formed in situ, which then serves as the reactant for hydrocracking reactions and the formation of liquid products.…”

Exploratory catalyst screening studies on the liquefaction of model humins from C6 sugars

“…Recently, Trautmann et al have reported studies on the conversion of HTC materials to biofuels using catalytic technology. 39,40 Various HTC materials were tested using Ni on titania as the catalyst at temperatures between 200 and 250 C, and reaction times between 3 and 20 h. Hydrogen is formed in situ which then serves as the reactant for hydrocracking reactions and the formation of liquid products. Although HTC materials derived from lignocellulosic biomass are likely more complex in nature than the articial humins from C6-sugars, it implies that this methodology may also be very attractive for the liquefaction/upgrading of articial humins.…”

Available methane from anthracite by combining coal seam microflora andH2O2pretreatment

“…Therefore, it is urgent to utilize coal in an efficient, clean, and green way. Until now, a variety of coal liquefaction and gasification technologies have been developed and applied to improve the utilization rate of coal and reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal utilization 3,4 . The technology of converting coal to biomethane is one of coal gasification technologies by decomposing the organic matter in coal to produce biomethane via anaerobic microorganisms which has such advantages as low cost, little energy consumption, and environmentally friendly.…”