This work aims to design the optimal energy storage capacity for Virtual Power Plant (VPP) architecture with a high degree of penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In order to achieve this target a multi-criteria analysis was performed. Economical issues as well as the reliability of the VPP are the main criteria taken into consideration. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluating the robustness of the obtained results.Index Terms-Energy storage system, multi-criteria optimization, renewable energy sources, virtual power plant.P. Lombardi is with the
In this contribution power quality measurements of electric vehicles (EVs) will be presented. In the coming years EVs will become a more relevant asset in the power system. Due to infrastructural reasons and typical usage the EVs will be mainly connected to the low voltage power grid. That includes charging and - in case of vehicle-to-grid concepts - discharging processes with different power levels. The investigation of different kinds of EVs considers voltage drops, harmonics and power factors that allow for scaling up the impact on the power system. To interpret the results common standards and technical requirements are taken into account that describes the connection of loads as well as generators to the grid
The power system is changing rapidly due to the wide integration of renewable energy sources. In order to ensure a secure energy supply in the future power system (smart grid) the current laws, rules and standards concerning measures in critical system states to save or re-establish the system need to be examined. In this paper the authors provide a definition of critical states in the electric power system and describe measures to react in critical states or to prevent system instability based on current rules in Europe and Germany. The study aims to identify the demand for standardization in this area
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