The widespread use of distributed generation (DG) relies on methods and techniques aimed at facilitating the network integration of DG. In this context a methodology for the evaluation of the quality and relative merits of these methods and techniques is missing. CIGRE Task Force C6.04.02, which is affiliated with CIGRE Study Committee C6, has addressed this problem by proposing a set of resource and network benchmarks. In the present paper, the benchmark for integrating DG in medium voltage distribution networks is described. The proposed benchmark is representative of a real network while it is also designed for ease of use.The application of the benchmark is described through several case studies that show the impact of DG on power flow and voltage profiles at the medium voltage level.
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The Russian power system is diversified regionally and consists of one Unified Power System (UPS) and multiple isolated power systems. In the Russian Federation the policy on the use of renewable energies has been one of the most debated topics in recent years. In 2010, the Russian Renewable Energy Program was launched which aims to generate 4.5% of the entire electricity demand from renewable energy sources by 2020. These energy resources can significantly contribute to both the reduction of electricity generation costs in the Isolated Power Systems (IPS) and to the creation of new job opportunities. In this study an innovative methodology for the planning of isolated power systems is presented. The methodology is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and on the software program HOMER Energy (R). It considers the economic, social and environmental criteria for the optimal planning of isolated systems. A case study related to a small Siberian isolated power system is analyzed
A newly developed measurement system for current density distribution mapping has enabled a new approach for operational measurements in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Taking into account previously constructed measurement systems, a method based on a multi layer printed circuit board was chosen for the development of the new system. This type of system consists of a sensor, a special electronic device and the control and visualization PC. For the acquisition of the current density distribution values, a sensor device was designed and installed within a multilayer printed circuit board with integrated shunt resistors. Varying shunt values can be taken into consideration with a newly developed and evaluated calibration method. The sensor device was integrated in a PEM fuel cell stack to prove the functionality of the whole measurement system. A software application was implemented to visualize and save the measurement values. Its functionality was verified by operational measurements within a PEMFC system. Measurement accuracy and possible negative reactions of the sensor device during PEMFC operation are discussed in detail in this paper. The developed system enables operational measurements for different operating phases of PEM fuel cells. Additionally, this can be seen as a basis for new opportunities of optimization for fuel cell design and operation modes.
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