Comparative research across the world has shown that nation-level variables are strong predictors of professional roles in journalism. There is, however, still insufficient comparative research about three key issues: cross-national comparison of journalistic role performance, exploration of how – or whether – organizational variables account for variation in role performance across countries, and the performance of specific journalistic roles that prevail in regions with post-authoritarian political trajectories. This article tackles these three issues by comparatively measuring journalistic performance in five Latin American countries. Based on a content analysis of 9841 news items from 18 newspapers, this article reports findings from Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador and Mexico, by analyzing the presence of the ‘interventionist’, ‘watchdog’, ‘loyal’, ‘service’, ‘infotainment’, and ‘civic’ roles. Results show that the region is far from homogeneous and that while ‘country’ is a strong predictor for most of the roles, other variables such as ‘media type’, ‘political orientation’, and ‘news topic’ are also significant predictors to varying levels.

Journalism has long been seen as a ‘young person’s occupation’. While the average age of journalists has increased from 35 to 39 in past 20 years, this article investigates what developments are covered, or covered up, by this average. The Worlds of Journalism Study data permit us to compare journalistic workforce ages with that of the general workforce, we juxtapose labour force median ages with journalists’ median ages in 60 countries. On realizing that age alone does not present experience, we also include years of professional experience as indicator for journalistic workforce profiling, and also analyse the journalistic and general workforce in age segments in 14 countries to arrive at a more detailed picture of age distribution. Our findings reaffirm that journalism is still an occupation for the young, and underscore the fact that in many countries journalists do not stay in the job for long. This leads us to contend that journalism lives with large numbers of young and relatively inexperienced workers, making it an easier transition into the digital age when journalism similarly is created from many diverse sources and with workers with varying levels of experience.

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Hate speech spreading online is a matter of growing concern since social media allows for its rapid, uncontrolled, and massive dissemination. For this reason, several researchers are already working on the development of prototypes that allow for the detection of cyberhate automatically and on a large scale. However, most of them are developed to detect hate only in English, and very few focus specifically on racism and xenophobia, the category of discrimination in which the most hate crimes are recorded each year. In addition, ad hoc datasets manually generated by several trained coders are rarely used in the development of these prototypes since almost all researchers use already available datasets. The objective of this research is to overcome the limitations of those previous works by developing and evaluating classification models capable of detecting racist and/or xenophobic hate speech being spread online, first in Spanish, and later in Greek and Italian. In the development of these prototypes, three differentiated machine learning strategies are tested. First, various traditional shallow learning algorithms are used. Second, deep learning is used, specifically, an ad hoc developed RNN model. Finally, a BERT-based model is developed in which transformers and neural networks are used. The results confirm that deep learning strategies perform better in detecting anti-immigration hate speech online. It is for this reason that the deep architectures were the ones finally improved and tested for hate speech detection in Greek and Italian and in multisource. The results of this study represent an advance in the scientific literature in this field of research, since up to now, no online anti-immigration hate detectors had been tested in these languages and using this type of deep architecture.

concepto de transparencia ciberperiodística, los cuales pueden evitar, en nuestra opinión, la fosilización de las entrevistas corales o su vinculación con formas derivadas del marketing (publientrevista) y no con el periodismo. forms linked to direct marketing (advertorials) and not to journalism.

Las fuentes de información y los enlaces hipertextuales en las coberturas informativas ResumenEn este artículo analizamos los enlaces hipertextuales y las fuentes de información a las que recurrieron los ciberdiarios MARCA.com y SPORT.es en la cobertura que llevaron a cabo los días previos, posteriores y en las retransmisiones de los cinco enfrentamientos -los dos de liga, la final de la copa del Rey y la semifinal de la liga de campeones-entre Real Madrid C.F. y F.C. Barcelona en la temporada 2010-2011. A través de un análisis de contenido manual (mediante fichas que evaluaban 27 variables de cada unidad), hemos examinado, en primer lugar, las fuentes a partir de la codificación de esas marcas identificativas y, en segundo lugar, los enlaces de hipertexto que nos han permitido conocer las estrategias discursivas de ambos ciberdiarios. Los resultados muestran a MARCA.com como un cibermedio permeable a las injerencias de otro tipo de fuentes y a SPORT.es como un cibermedio más cerrado basado en las esferas de procedencia del periodismo tradicional. Además, ambos ciberdiarios poseen, globalmente, un mayor número de enlaces a contenidos alojados dentro de sus portales. AbstractIn this article we have analyzed the hypertext links and the information sources which were used by the online newspapers MARCA.com y SPORT.es in the coverage of the days previous, after and during the transmissions of the five matches played between Real MHCJ nº3-2012|art. 12-37 | ISSN: 1989-8681|págs. 217-234 MHCJ nº 3 2012 | Daniel Barredo y Martín Oller 219 Madrid C. F. and F. C. Barcelona in the season 2010 -2011 (two matches in the Liga, the final of the Copa del Rey and the semifinals of the Champions League). By using a manual content analysis methodology (27 variables were examined in each unity of analysis), we have evaluated, first of all, the sources of information from external labels and, secondly, the hypertext links, which have revealed part of the discursive strategies of both newspapers. Results show that MARCA.com as an online newspaper is permeable to other kinds of sources and SPORT.es as a digital newspaper is more based upon those spheres of significance of the traditional journalism. Also both online newspapers had generally a high number of hypertext links to contents situated inside their own websites.Palabras clave: Real Madrid C. F.; F. C. Barcelona; análisis de contenido manual; el Clásico; fuentes periodísticas; enlaces de texto; MARCA.com; SPORT.es.

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