Background: Agricultural production is challenged by the limitation of non-renewable resources. Alternative fertilizers are promoted but they often have a lower availability of key macronutrients, especially phosphorus (P). Biological inoculants, the so-called bio-effectors (BEs), may be combined with these fertilizers to improve the nutrient use efficiency. Methods:The goal of this study was to assess the potential of three BEs in combination with alternative fertilizers (e.g., composted manure, biogas digestate, green compost) to promote plant growth and nutrient uptake in soils typical for various European regions. Pot experiments were conducted in Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland where the same variety of maize was grown in local soils deficient in P in combination with alternative fertilizers and the same set of BEs (Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus strains). Common guidelines for pot experiment implementation and performance were developed to allow data comparison, and soils were analyzed by the same laboratory.Results: Efficiency of BEs to improve maize growth and nutrient uptake differed strongly according to soil properties and fertilizer combined. Promising results were mostly obtained with BEs in combination with organic fertilizers such as composted animal manures, fresh digestate of organic wastes, and sewage sludge. In only one experiment, the nutrient use efficiency of mineral recycling fertilizers was improved by BE inoculation. Conclusions:These BE effects are to a large extent due to improved root growth and P mobilization via accelerated mineralization.

The aim of this work was to estimate the changes in contents of different sulfur (S) fractions in soils under conditions of lowering inputs of S from emissions together with the influence of application of manure and mineral fertilizers. Soil samples from long-term field experiments were used for this purpose. The samples were taken from 10 sites from precise long-term field experiments with different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech republic. The samples were analyzed using the following fractionation: (i) water soluble S (H 2 o extracts), (ii) sorbed S (0.032M naH 2 Po 4 extracts) and (iii) S occluded with carbonates (1M HCl extract). Furthermore, the concentration of total S (S tot ) and organic S (S org ) was determined. Soil samples were taken in the years 1981 and 2007. During 26 years a decrease of S tot by about 3-8%, water soluble S by 65-68% and sorbed S by 39-44% were observed in the topsoil of the evaluated soils. Furthermore, a low increase in the content of organic S was observed. The estimated ratio of S org reached 78.7-80.9% from S tot in the year 1981 and 87.7-89.8% in 2007. Farmyard manure (40 t/ha) applied every 4 years did not have a significant influence on S fractions and S tot contents in soils; intensive S fertilizing increased S tot and mobile S forms contents in soils. very close correlations were obtained especially between S tot and water soluble S and organic S.

Background:The recycling of waste products into P fertilisers in agriculture is advisable from the perspective of sustainability. Bioeffectors (BEs), which have the ability to increase the plant uptake of P from recycled fertiliser products, may increase the fertiliser value of these products. This paper investigated the effect of a range of different recycled fertilisers on the growth and P uptake of wheat in pot experiments conducted at three different locations in Europe. Furthermore, investigations were undertaken as to whether the addition of a range of bioeffectors could significantly enhance P availability, P uptake and plant growth.Results: BE additions were found not to significantly increase the aboveground biomass of wheat plants or the uptake of P when plants were fertilised with recycled fertiliser products. This was shown across a range of pot experiments with soils of different P status. Only in the case of the positive control P fertiliser (TSP) was a positive effect of Proradix and RhizoVital on plant growth observed in one of the experiments, while in the same experiment RhizoVital and Biological fertiliser DC had a negative impact on plant biomass when the P fertiliser was Thomas phosphate. With regard to P uptake, there was only a slight positive effect of Proradix in plants not supplied with P fertiliser in this experiment. Clear differences were seen in the efficiency of P fertilisers. Generally, sewage sludge ash performed quite poorly (20-40 % of TSP), while sewage sludge, Thomas phosphate, P-enriched slag and the fibre fraction of pig manure all had a high availability of P (>74 % relative to TSP). Compost composed mainly of garden/park waste and sewage sludge was intermediate in availability (40-70 %). The elemental composition of the harvested wheat plants was significantly affected in all cases by the different P fertilisers added. The BE treatments significantly affected the elemental composition of the aboveground biomass in one of the experiments where the product Proradix had the greatest effect on elemental composition. Conclusions:In conclusion, the experiments revealed a wide difference in the bioavailability of P in the different waste products, but the added microorganisms demonstrated a limited capacity to influence plant P uptake across a range of soils and waste products.

In long-term stationary experiments under different soil-climatic conditions, an influence of mineral and organic fertilization on yield of winter wheat, spring barley and potato tubers was evaluated. Statistically significantly lowest grain yields of winter wheat (4.00 t/ha) and spring barley (2.81 t/ha) were obtained in non-fertilized plots at all experimental sites. In the case of potatoes, the lowest yield of dry matter (5.71 t/ha) was recorded in the control plot, but the result was not statistically significant. The manure-fertilized plot gave the average yield of wheat higher by 30%, of barley by 22%. Application of sewage sludge resulted in wheat yield higher by 41% and barley yield higher by 26% over control. On average, application of sewage sludge and manure increased the yield of potatoes by 30% over control. The highest yield was obtained after application of mineral fertilizers; average yield increased by 59, 50 and 36% in winter wheat, spring barley and potatoes, respectively. No statistically significant differences among the plots with mineral fertilizers were observed. At different sites, the yield of studied crops varied; however, the effect of fertilization on yield increments was similar at all experimental sites except for Lukavec. It is the site with the lowest natural soil fertility, and it showed the highest effect of the applied fertilizers.

Vašák F., Černý J., Buráňová Š., Kulhánek M., Balík J. (2015): Soil pH changes in long-term field experiments with different fertilizing systems. Soil & Water Res., 10: 19-23.The changes of soil pH in long-term 14-year field experiments with different fertilizing systems are described. The field experiments were located at four sites of the Czech Republic with different soil and climatic conditions (Červený Újezd, Hněvčeves, Lukavec, and Prague-Suchdol). At each site, the same fertilizing systems and crop rotation (potatoes -winter wheat -spring barley) were established. Six experimental treatments were applied to crop rotation: (1) unfertilized treatments (control); treatments with organic fertilization: (2) farmyard manure (FYM), (3) sewage sludge (SS); treatments with mineral fertilizers: (4) nitrogen (N), (5) nitrogen with straw application (N + straw), and (6) nitrogen with phosphorus and potassium (NPK). The long-term effect of fertilizers significantly depends on soil conditions. At the site Prague-Suchdol minimal differences in the soil pH were observed by all treatments. This is caused by the high buffering capacity of Chernozems against the soil acidification. At Červený Újezd (Haplic Luvisol), Hněvčeves (Haplic Luvisol), and Lukavec (Stagnic Cambisol) sites, soil pH decreased by all treatments. Only at Hněvčeves site the soil pH did not change with N treatment. The highest soil pH decrease in the treatment with NPK (ΔpH -0.89) and N + straw (ΔpH -0.70) was observed at Hněvčeves site. By the treatments FYM and SS the highest decrease was registered at Červený Újezd (ΔpH of about -0.30 and -0.63, respectively). The highest decrease in control treatment (ΔpH of about -0.63) was observed at Lukavec site. The results showed that to evaluate long-term soil pH changes a whole complex of factors must be examined.

A gradual increase of phosphorus (P) concentrations in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers was applied to clayey soils at six precise experimental field sites with different climatic conditions within the Czech Republic. Soil samples were collected after the harvest of barley. Readily available P concentrations were determined using water and 0.01M CaCl 2 extractions, mobile phosphate contents were determined using the extraction procedures Mehlich 3 and Olsen. Furthermore, P uptake by barley plants was assessed. All selected procedures showed that increasing concentrations of applied P increased the mobile and readily available P contents in soils. Phosphorus uptake by barley plants ranged between 9.00 and 14.5 kg/ha and increased P application resulted in increased P concentrations in plants. Statistical analyses were performed using the Spearman test. The closest relationship was obtained for P uptake by plants and the water extraction (r = 0.81). Significant relationships were also obtained for plant uptake and the Mehlich 3 and CaCl 2 methods (r = 0.40 and 0.36, respectively). There was no statistical dependence between P uptake and the Olsen method (r = 0.25). Regression analysis was expressed best as linear regression. The closest relationship was found for water extracts and P uptake by plants (with a determination coefficient of 65%). Determination coefficients for P uptake and other methods used were significantly lower (max. 20%).

Precise field experiments were established at 3 sites with oilseed rape under different soil-climatic conditions in the Czech Republic (Humpolec, Hněvčeves and Uhříněves) in the years [2008][2009][2010]. In this experiment, four fertilizing treatments with increasing S rate were evaluated. The contents of bioavailable (S W ), adsorbed (S ads ), occluded (S ocl ), and hydroiodic acid (HI) reducible (S HI ) sulfur were measured. The contents of the fractions within the studied sites in the samples collected before fertilizers application were comparable. The S W , S ads a S ocl contents did not exceed 10 mg S/kg. The S HI contents differed depending on site and year. Fertilizing using S as CaSO 4 positively influenced the contents of S W , S ads , and S HI in soil. Sulfur fertilizing had also the positive tendencies to increase the winter rape yields but the differences between studied treatments were not statistically significant.

The CULTAN (Controlled Uptake Long Term Ammonium Nutrition) system is based on one-time injection of the whole dose of nitrogen required for the vegetation period. The effect of this method on yield and grain quality of winter wheat was observed in a 2-year small-plot trial at 4 different experimental sites in the Czech Republic. The experiment comprised two treatments with the total amount of nitrogen applied during fertilization of 150 kg N/ha. At the CULTAN treatment the whole dose was applied all at once using the GFI 3A injection machine (Maschinen und Antriebstechnik GmbH Güstrow), whereas at the control treatment, the dose was divided into three applications. The average grain yield of winter wheat in 2007 was 9.56 t/ha (control) and 8.78 t/ha (CULTAN); in 2008 it was 9.91 t/ha (control) and 9.63 t/ha (CULTAN). The differences in 2008 were not statistically significant. The contents of nitrogen and gluten were significantly lower at CULTAN treatment in both years. The values of falling number, Zeleny test and bulk density were generally similar at both treatments.