This contribution is a practical guide to the measurement of the different chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters and gives examples of their development under high-irradiance stress. From the Chl fluorescence induction kinetics upon irradiation of dark-adapted leaves, measured with the PAM fluorometer, various Chl fluorescence parameters, ratios, and quenching coefficients can be determined, which provide information on the functionality of the photosystem 2 (PS2) and the photosynthetic apparatus. These are the parameters F v , F m , F 0 , F m ', F v ', NF, and ∆F, the Chl fluorescence ratios F v /F m , F v /F 0 , ∆F/F m ', as well as the photochemical (q P ) and non-photochemical quenching coefficients (q N , q CN , and NPQ). q N consists of three components (q N = q E + q T + q I ), the contribution of which can be determined via Chl fluorescence relaxation kinetics measured in the dark period after the induction kinetics. The above Chl fluorescence parameters and ratios, many of which are measured in the dark-adapted state of leaves, primarily provide information on the functionality of PS2. In fully developed green and dark-green leaves these Chl fluorescence parameters, measured at the upper adaxial leaf side, only reflect the Chl fluorescence of a small portion of the leaf chloroplasts of the green palisade parenchyma cells at the upper outer leaf half. Thus, PAM fluorometer measurements have to be performed at both leaf sides to obtain information on all chloroplasts of the whole leaf. Combined high irradiance (HI) and heat stress, applied at the upper leaf side, strongly reduced the quantum yield of the photochemical energy conversion at the upper leaf half to nearly zero, whereas the Chl fluorescence signals measured at the lower leaf side were not or only little affected. During this HL-stress treatment, q N , q CN , and NPQ increased in both leaf sides, but to a much higher extent at the lower compared to the upper leaf side. q N was the best indicator for non-photochemical quenching even during a stronger HL-stress, whereas q CN and NPQ decreased with progressive stress even though non-photochemical quenching still continued. It is strongly recommended to determine, in addition to the classical fluorescence parameters, via the PAM fluorometer also the Chl fluorescence decrease ratio R Fd (F d /F s ), which, when measured at saturation irradiance is directly correlated to the net CO 2 assimilation rate (P N ) of leaves. This R Fd -ratio can be determined from the Chl fluorescence induction kinetics measured with the PAM fluorometer using continuous saturating light (cSL) during 4-5 min. As the R Fd -values are fast measurable indicators correlating with the photosynthetic activity of whole leaves, they should always be determined via the PAM fluorometer parallel to the other Chl fluorescence coefficients and ratios.

et al. A systematic review of controlled trials of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of brief psychological treatments for depression. Health Technol Assess 2001;5(35). Health Technology Assessment is indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE and Excerpta Medica/ EMBASE. Copies of the Executive Summaries are available from the NCCHTA website (see opposite). Reference lists References and bibliographies from the text of reports of relevant trials and reviews were examined for further RCTs not previously identified, and for papers relating to economic analyses.

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Si22~Si100 all have IPs between 4.99 and 6.42 eV. Si6_u+ are found to be dominant photofragments from the larger silicon clusters. The overall silicon cluster distribution produced from this source is nearly independent of cluster size, showing only minor intensity alterations and the expected decrease to larger sizes. From this we conclude that the previous interpretation5 of the high-intensity PMS at 6.42 eV is likely incorrect because ion photochemistry was not taken into consideration.

Many clinical conditions including various types of cancers are complex and generally require invasive, laborious, expensive and time-consuming investigations for their diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. There is therefore a general need for exploring non-invasive markers in clinical medicine. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is currently being applied in various subspecialties of medicine either for the purpose of rapid diagnosis or as a predictor of prognosis. Nevertheless, there is need for large-scale studies to substantiate accuracy and outcome. This article will summarize current evidence suggesting that Interleukin 8 (IL-8) may serve as a useful biomarker.