HOUŠŤ, M., PROCHÁZKOVÁ, B., HLEDÍK, P.: Eff ect of diff erent tillage intensity on yields and yield-forming factors in winter wheat. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 5, pp. 89-96 The paper presents results of a study on application of minimum tillage technologies when growing winter wheat. Experiments were performed in the sugar-beet-growing region with loamy chernozem within the period of [2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. Aanalysed and evaluated were eff ects of diff erent methods of soil processing on yield-forming factors in stands of winter wheat grown a er three diff erent preceding crops (i.e. alfalfa, maize for silage and pea). Evaluated were the following four variants of tillage: The eff ect of diff erent tillage intensity on winter wheat yields was statistically non-signifi cant a er all forecrops. A er alfalfa, the highest and the lowest average yields were recorded in Variant 2 (i.e. with ploughing to the depth of 0.15 m) and Variant 3 (direct sowing into the untilled soil), respectively. A er maize grown for silage, higher yields were obtained in Variant 2 and Variant 1 (conventional ploughing) while in Variants 4 and 3 the obtained yields were lower. When growing winter wheat a er pea as a preceding crop, the highest and the lowest average yields were recorded a er direct sowing (Variant 3) and in Variant 1 (i.e. ploughing to the depth of 0.22 m), respectively. Results of studies on eff ect of diff erent tillage technologies on yields of winter wheat crops indicate that under the given pedological and climatic conditions it is possible to apply methods of reduced tillage intensity. However, the choice of the corresponding technology must be performed with regard to the type of preceding crop.tillage, winter wheat, yields, yield-forming factors Tillage and soil processing belong to those basic agrotechnical measures that signifi cantly contribute to yield formation of cultivated fi eld crops. The mechanical processing of soil is also an important tool when controlling or killing weeds, pests and plant diseases. The main task of tillage is to create favourable conditions for growth and development of plants and for a proper course of various processes taking place in soil. The mechanical processing changes the generall physical condition of soil, which determines aeration of soil and also its hydraulic, thermal and biological properties. Opinions concerning proper methods and technologies of soil processing are continuously developing and changing.Nowadays, technologies of minimum tillage are considered worldwide as an important alternative of conventional methods of soil processing based on ploughing. In the Czech Republic, research studies on the application of minimum and zero tillage technologies have a long-standing tradition. The most important expansion and application of these technologies took place a er the year 1990 and it is estimated by many experts that at present they are used on more than 40 % of arable land. Main reasons of this expansion and develop...
Křen J., Houšť M., Tvarůžek L., Jergl Z. (2017): Are intensification and winter wheat yield increase efficient? Plant Soil Environ., 63: 428-434.The results of small-plot field trials of international comparisons of a series of crop management practices for winter wheat grown during 2014-2016 on fertile soils of Central Moravia were assessed. The objective of the experiments was to obtain the highest gross margin (GM), which is the difference between revenues and direct costs. The analyses showed that an optimal level of inputs and costs for obtaining the highest GM could exist. In the assessed series of crop management practices, the optimum input costs corresponded to 11 000-12 000 CZK/ha and 6-9 input measures. At high levels of grains (above 10 t/ha), higher values of GM were obtained by increased efficiency of inputs, but not by increasing their amount to maximize the yields. This indicates the multifunctional and synergic effects of production factors, which can be used at the so-called ecological intensification. Optimizations of inputs can be obtained rather by crop protection than by crop nutrition, which means rather in protection of high yields than in their maximization. Under field conditions, soil and plant processes affected by weather cannot be controlled. Therefore, optimisation of production factors is based both on scientific findings and practical agronomic experience. That is why a universal crop management practice with increased economic and ecological effects cannot be practically proposed.
The results of 81 different crop management practices in spring barley grown in small-plot field trials on fertile soils in central Moravia were assessed during 2014–2016 with the aim to achieve the highest gross margin (GM – calculated as the difference between revenues and direct costs). GM was most affected by protein content in the grain below 12% corresponding to malting quality. Analyses identified greater determination level of non-linear relationships between stand structure elements and the content of nitrogen substances in the grain. This indicates that the probability of obtaining high quality malting barley is increased when a high level of sinks (number of grains/m<sup>2</sup>) corresponding to availability of sources, mainly water, is formed by optimal plant density (300–400/m<sup>2</sup>) and balanced combination of both structural elements of crop stand, i.e. – number of spikes per plant (2–4) and number of grains per spike (18–26). In case that the high level of sinks will be formed predominantly by one element, the risk of higher protein content in grain increases. This constitutes the requirement of early sowing and uniform, synchronized tillering and efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers.
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