RESUMO Paecilomyces lilacinus é uma espécie fúngica utilizada no controle biológico de nematóides, sendo uma das mais estudadas a campo. O trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar isolados de 05, 08, 09, 13, 20, 21, 38, 41, 44, 54, ESALQ 831 05, 08, 09, 13, 20, 21, 38, 41, 44, 54, ESALQ 831

Natural mycoflora associated with fumonisins were analyzed in 150 samples of freshly harvested corn from Central-Southern, Central-Western and Northern regions of the State of Paraná, Brazil and correlated to climatic conditions. The corn samples were frequently contaminated with Fusarium sp. (98.7 to 100%) and Penicillium sp. (93 to 100%), when compared to Aspergillus sp. (not detected to 27.7%). The highest contamination with potentially mycotoxigenic fungi occurred in corn harvested in the Central-Western region, where total mould and yeast counts ranged from 5.5 x 10(3) to 5.2 x 10(6) CFU/g, with 98.7% contaminated by Fusarium sp. and 93% by Penicillium sp. In this region F. moniliforme (F. verticillioides) was the predominant Fusarium sp., and was isolated in 85.9% of the samples. Aspergillus sp. was isolated from 27.7% samples. FB1 was detected in 100% of the samples (mean of 2.39 micrograms/g) and FB2 in 97.7% (mean of 1.09 micrograms/g). Fumonisins were also detected in all samples from Northern region, with mean of 4.56 micrograms/g (FB1) and 2.20 micrograms/g (FB2). Considering 1.0 microgram/g as the threshold, 72% of the corn samples from the Central-West and 92% from the North were contaminated with concentrations above this value, in contrast to a 18.5% contamination rate from Central-Southern samples. Between corn planting to harvesting season, the average maximum temperature and relative humidity were 26 degrees C and 77.1% (Central-Southern), 27 degrees C and 69% (Northern) and 29.9 degrees C and 89.1% (Central-Western). Therefore, the higher fumonisins contamination of corn from Northern region when compared to the Central-South were due to the differences in rainfall levels (92.8 mm in Central-Southern, 202 mm in Northern) during the month preceding harvest.

No abstract

IIReação de cultivares e linhagens de feijoeiro em relação a Meloidogyne javanica e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli Reaction of cultivars and lines of bean in relation to

RESUMOO conhecimento do comportamento natural da nogueira Pecan às principais doenças é de suma importância para o estabelecimento do planejamento da implantação da cultura. O controle fitossanitário e tratos culturais devem ser realizados de modo a não comprometerem a qualidade do produto final, as amêndoas. Foram avaliadas nozes produzidas na safra de 2005 e oriundas de Uraí-PR, pelas cultivares Burkett, Frotscher e Moneymaker, para identificar e quantificar os microrganismos associados à amêndoas e cascas dos frutos, bem como observar diferenças entre organismos colonizadores das cultivares. Os frutos foram avaliados na pós-colheita, aos trinta dias de armazenamento em ambiente, através da metodologia do papel de filtro, sendo submetidos ou não à assepsia superficial. O fungo Cladosporium caryigenum, promotor da rancificação das amêndoas foi observado, em amêndoas e cascas, nas cultivares Burkett, Frotscher e Moneymaker; Fusarium sp., foi encontrado em porcentuais elevados, tanto em amêndoas quanto em cascas das três cultivares estudadas; Cephalothecium roseum, causador do mofo róseo em amêndoas, na cultivar Frotscher. Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp., causadores de emboloramento e produtores de aflotoxinas foram observados em porcentuais representativos, em amêndoas da cultivar Frotscher e em amêndoas e cascas das cultivares Frotscher, Burkett e Moneymaker, respectivamente. Os maiores porcentuais de perda do rendimento foram observados na cultivar Burkett, por causa da incidência de Colletotrichum sp., causador da antracnose em amêndoas, que acarreta escurecimento e deterioração do produto final, levando-o ao descarte. Termos para indexação:Carya illinoensis, patologia de sementes, sanidade, armazenamento, Cladosporium caryigenum. ABSTRACTThe knowledgement of the natural behavior of the main diseases of Pecan nut is of utmost importance for the stablishment of an implantation plan for that culture. The phytosanitary control and cultural treatments should be performed in order not to change the quality of the final product. Nuts harvest in 2005 from Uraí-PR of Burkett, Frotscher and Moneymaker cultivars, were evaluated in order to identify and quantify associated microorganisms in the nuts and fruit cover, as well to observe the differences among the microorganisms that colonize the different cultivars. The fruits were evaluated at post-harvest, thirty days kept in natural temperature, through filter paper method, being submitted or not to surface assepsy. The fungi Cladosporium caryigenum, rancification promoter to the almonds was observed on almonds and covers on the cultivars Burkett, Frotscher and Moneymaker; Fusarium sp., was observed in high concentration, on almonds as well as on the cover of all the studied cultivars; Cephalothecium roseum, responsible for the pink mildew, in almonds in the Frotscher cultivar. Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., responsible for mold and aflatoxins formation, were observed in high amount on almonds of the Frotscher cultivar and in almonds and cover of Frotscher, Burk...

Despite the favorable edaphoclimatic conditions for avocado production in Brazil, diseases such as root rot caused by the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi compromise the crop. With the aim of managing root rot in avocado, the present study aimed to evaluate chemical and biological control with isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Thus, three assays were conducted to assess: (i) mycelial inhibition of P. cinnamomi by isolates of Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens from different crop systems; (ii) effect of autoclaved and non-autoclaved metabolites of P. fluorescens, and (iii) chemical or biological treatment of avocado seedlings on the control of root rot under field conditions. The isolates of Trichoderma spp. from maize cultivation soil and the commercial products formulated with Trichoderma presented greater antagonism (p <0.05) to the pathogen P. cinnamomi in the in vitro tests. Similarly, non-autoclaved metabolites of P. fluorescens presented antagonistic potential to control P. cinnamomi. Under field conditions, the fungicide metalaxyl and the bioagents showed effectiveness in controlling P. cinnamomi, as well as greater root length and mass. Results demonstrated potential for the biological control of avocado root rot with Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens.

RESUMO -O estado do Paraná é um dos maiores produtores nacionais de grãos de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.), com expressivo aumento na área cultivada a cada ano. O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Londrina, PR, onde foram desenvolvidos ensaios de laboratório e campo. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes e a profundidade de semeadura, na emergência das plântulas, no desenvolvimento das plantas, na população de microrganismos da rizosfera e rizoplano da área de desenvolvimento das plantas e na produção de grãos de aveia. As sementes de aveia-branca, cultivar OR-11, foram semeadas nas profundidades de 3cm, 5cm e 8cm. Foram utilizados os seguintes fungicidas nas doses (g.i.a./100kg de sementes), carboxim+thiram (93,7g+93,7g), thiram (210g) e triadimenol (50g) e o produto biológico kodiak C (Bacillus subtilis) (60g). Os tratamentos com os fungicidas e o produto biológico, controlaram os fungos presentes nas sementes, como: Fusarium avenae, Colletotrichum graminicola e Helminthosporium avenae e melhoram o desenvolvimento das plantas e a microbiota do solo, sendo esse variável com a profundidade de semeadura e o tratamento.Termos para indexação: tratamento de sementes, microorganismos, fungicidas, profundidade de semeadura. EFFECTS OF THE SEED TREATMENT AND SOWING DEPTH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OAT (Avena sativa L.) PLANT REGARDING THE MICROORGANISMS OF THE RHIZOSPHERE AND OF THE RIZOPLANEABSTRACT -The State of Parana is the biggest brazilian producer of white oat (Avena sativa L.) grains, with significant increase in the harvest area each year. The study was achieved in Londrina, State of Parana, where the assay were developed in laboratory and field. The objective was to evaluat the effect of the seed treatment and sowing depth, in the seedling emergence plant development, in the microorganisms population of the rizhosphere and rizoplane of the planting area of plants and production of oat grains. Seeds of white oat, cultivar OR-11, were sown in the depths of 3cm, 5cm and 8cm. It were used fungicides in dosages of g.i.a./100kg of seed, carboxim+thiram (93.7g+93.7g), thiram (210g) and triadimenol (50g) and the bilogical product kodiak C (Bacillus subtilis) (60g). The treatment with the fungicides and the biological product eliminated the fungi presents on the seeds, such as: Fusarium avenae, Colletotrichum graminicola and Helminthosporium avenae and improve the plant development and the soil microorganisms, being this variable with the sowing depth and the treatment.

RESUMOPaecilomyces lilacinus é um fungo de solo, parasita facultativo de ovos de nematóides, que pode crescer rapidamente in vitro . Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento micelial de P. lilacinus em diferentes temperaturas e selecionar os melhores isolados quanto à capacidade de parasitar ovos de Meloidogyne paranaensis. Foram avaliados isolados de P. lilacinus, obtidos de solos coletados na região de Londrina, PR. Para o isolamento empregou-se a técnica de diluição seriada dos solos e plaqueamento em meio de cultura semi-seletivo. A determinação do crescimento micelial e do parasitismo in vitro dos isolados sobre M. paranaensis foi realizada em placas de Petri contendo meio BDA. Os isolados foram incubados em B.O.D. a temperaturas de 20 o C, 22,5ºC, 25 o C, 27,5ºC e 30 o C. A avaliação do crescimento foi interrompida quando em um dos tratamentos a colônia do fungo atingiu a borda da placa de Petri e a determinação do parasitismo foi realizada depois de oito dias de incubação, calculando-se a porcentagem de ovos parasitados. O crescimento micelial dos isolados de P. lilacinus teve grande dependência da temperatura de incubação a que foram submetidos, sendo mais rápido à temperatura de 22,5 o C. Os isolados de P. lilacinus revelaram habilidade para infectar os ovos de M. paranaensis em meio BDA, principalmente na temperatura de 25ºC. Termos para indexação:Controle Biológico, nematóide de galhas, parasita de ovos, desenvolvimento fúngico. ABSTRACTPaecilomyces lilacinus is a soil fungus, facultative parasite of nematode eggs, which develops quickly in vitro . The mycelial growth of P. lilacinus isolates was evaluated at different temperatures and the best isolates, regarding the capacity to parasite Meloidogyne paranaensis eggs, were chosen. P. lilacinus soil isolates from Londrina, Parana state, were evaluated. Isolation was done using serial dilution of the soils and plating it in semi-selective agar medium. The determination of mycelial growth and in vitro parasitism of these isolates was done using Petri plates containing potato-dextrose-agar (PDA), placed in chamber at 20 o C, 22.5ºC, 25 o C, 27.5ºC or 30 o C. The evaluation started when in one of the treatments of the fungus colonies reached the edge of the Petri plate. Parasitism was determined after 8 days of incubation, calculating the percentage of parasited eggs. The mycelial growth of P. lilacinus isolates was greatly dependent on the temperature. The fastest growth occurred at 22.5ºC. The isolates of P. lilacinus were able to infect M. paranaensis eggs in PDA medium, mostly at 25 o C.