For the first time absolute photon mass energy-absorption coefficients of air in the energy range 3 keV to 10 keV have been measured with relative standard uncertainties less than 1%, significantly smaller than those of up to 5% assumed hitherto for calculated data. Monochromatized synchrotron radiation was used to measure both the total radiant energy by means of silicon photodiodes calibrated against a cryogenic radiometer and the fraction of radiant energy that is deposited in dry air by means of a free air ionization chamber. The measured ionization charge was converted into energy absorbed in air by calculated effective W values of photons as a function of their energy based on new measurements of the W values in dry air for electron kinetic energies between 1 keV and 7 keV, also presented in this work. The measured absorption coefficients were compared with state-of-the art calculations and found to agree within 0.7% with data calculated earlier by Hubbell at energies above 4 keV but were found to differ by values up to 2.1% at 10 keV from more recent calculations of Seltzer.

One of the scientific objectives of NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is the study of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The Fermi GammaRay Burst Monitor (GBM) was designed to detect and localize bursts for the Fermi mission. By means of an array of 12 NaI(Tl) (8 keV to 1 MeV) and two BGO (0.2 to 40 MeV) scintillation detectors, GBM extends the energy range (20 MeV to > 300 GeV) of Fermi's main instrument, the Large Area Telescope, into the traditional range of current GRB databases. The physical detector response of the GBM instrument to GRBs is determined with the help of Monte Carlo simulations, which are supported and verified by onground individual detector calibration measurements. We present the principal instrument properties, which have been determined as a function of energy and angle, including the channel-energy relation, the energy resolution, the effective area and the spatial homogeneity.

Previously developed kinetic and dynamic models of the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene in a thermomorphic multicomponent solvent system (TMS), consisting of DMF, n-decane, and hydroformylation products, were experimentally validated applying various operation modes, such as batch, semibatch, and perturbed batch operation. On the basis of experimentally obtained data, which cover a broad range of physical conditions, the parameters of the reaction kinetics were refined to give reliable model predictions as basis for rigorous process optimization. The improved model was used for dynamic optimization to obtain optimal trajectories (e.g., temperature and gas dosing fluxes versus reaction time), which maximize the selectivity to the desired linear aldehyde product. The predicted optimal trajectories were successfully validated in semibatch reactor experiments.

As a prominent and representative example of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), DUT-49(Cu) has gained attention due to the unique phenomenon of Negative Gas Adsorption (NGA); originating from an unprecedented structural contraction during the gas adsorption. Herein, post-synthetic metal exchange is demonstrated to afford DUT-49 frameworks with a wide variety of metal cations, e.g. Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ . The single-crystal-to-single-crystal conversion allowed to characterize the new MOFs by single crystal X-ray diffraction, indicating identical structure and topology, as that of previously explored DUT-49(Cu) framework. This approach is proven successful in achieving Mn-Mn and Cd-Cd dimers, which are rare examples of M-M paddle-wheel SBUs. The relative stability and flexibility of the resulted frameworks are observed to be highly sensitive to the metal ion of the framework, following the trends predicted by Irving-Williams series. DUT-49(Ni) was recognized as a second material from DUT-49 series showing adsorption-induced transitions. A sequential increase in framework flexibility from rigid to flexible and from flexible to NGA has been achieved through selective incorporation of metal centers into the structure. Finally, heterometallic structures are formed by selective and controlled exchange of metal ions to finely tune the flexibility and NGA phenomenon of the framework.

The knowledge of atomic fundamental parameters such as mass attenuation coecients with low uncertainties, is of decisive importance in elemental quantication using X-ray uorescence analysis techniques. Several databases are accessible and frequently used within a large community of users. These compilations are most often in good agreement for photon energies in the hard X-ray ranges. However, they signicantly dier for low photon energies and around the absorption edges of any element. In a joint cooperation of the metrology institutes of France and Germany, mass attenuation coecients of copper and zinc were determined experimentally in the photon energy range from 100 eV to 30 keV by independent approaches using monochromatized synchrotron radiation at SOLEIL (France) and BESSY II (Germany), respectively. The application of high-accuracy experimental techniques resulted in mass attenuation coecient datasets determined with low uncertainties that are directly compared to existing databases. The novel datasets are expected to enhance the reliability of mass attenuation coecients.