The effect of different dosages of thymol alone, iprodione alone and combinations of thymol and iprodione on white rot disease of garlic and its impact on soil microbial community structure were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Thymol alone or in combination with the fungicide iprodione did not appear to reduce either white rot incidence or soil sclerotia density as compared to an infected control. However, iprodione alone or in combination with thymol reduced soil fungal biomass. In addition, iprodione alone decreased soil microbial activity as estimated by fluorescein diacetate (FDA). Soil bacterial community structure as estimated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles was also was affected by both thymol and iprodione applications. The correlation biplot of the individual PLFAs and biocide treatment indicated that the treatments with thymol alone increased cyclopropyl fatty acid (cy17:0 and cy19:0), while the treatments with iprodione alone increased some saturated and branched fatty acids (principally i16:0, a15:0 and 18:0). In addition, taking into account PLFA biomarkers, thymol applications reduced Gram-negative bacteria in soil. To our knowledge, this research is the first report about the effect of a monoterpene (thymol) on soil microflora.
The aims of this work were to monitor the dissipation dynamics of the organophosphate insecticides applied to corn grains stored in supervised experiments, establish the dissipation dynamics and determine the minimum period post application necessary to comply with the established commercial standards. The insecticides dichlorvos (DDVP), hlorpyrifosmethyl+deltamethrin (CPM) and pirimiphos-methyl (PMM) were applied to maize grains, which were then stored for 120 days. The samples were processed and extracted using the QuEChERS technique and the pesticide residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Deltamethrin residues were not analized. After 90 days of storage, more than 80 % of the initial residue had been degraded, and after 120 days the residues were below the detection limit (LoD). DDVP, CPM and PMM residues followed a first order degradation dynamics [Ct = C0×e(-kt)], with k values of 0.384, 0.025 and 0.020 and estimated half-lives of 1.8, 27.7 and 34.7 days, respectively. These results show that at recommended dosages, the insecticides CPM and PMM are safe for use on stored maize grains; DDVP results provide additional evidence further reasserting its prohibition, which dates back to 2018.
En este trabajo se modela la curva de progreso de la podredumbre blanca en cultivos de ajo, mediante modelos no lineales mixtos que contemplan el efecto de factores concomitantes en el desarrollo de las epidemias. Entre 2001 y 2003 en Cruz del Eje y Jesús María, Argentina, se evaluaron la densidad inicial de esclerocios (DIE) y la incidencia de la enfermedad quincenalmente hasta cosecha. Con DIE alta (>15 esclerocios/100 g de suelo) la incidencia final fue alta (64-100%) y con DIE baja (?15 esclerocios/100 g de suelo) varió entre 0-100%. El modelo logístico mixto seleccionado tuvo “interceptos” y pendientes aleatorias y diferentes para cada combinación de “ambiente” (localidad y año) y categoría de DIE (altas y bajas). La representación de las curvas epidémicas se hizo mediante tres curvas específicas de sitio, la típica con efecto aleatorio cero, que expresa la forma general del modelo y las percentiles Q1 (0,25) y Q3 (0,75) que expresan la variabilidad. La variabilidad de los “interceptos” y pendientes dependió solamente de la DIE, y fue menor en los “interceptos” con DIE “altas” que en aquellos con DIE “bajas”;en las pendientes se observó el efecto opuesto.
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