The effect of different dosages of thymol alone, iprodione alone and combinations of thymol and iprodione on white rot disease of garlic and its impact on soil microbial community structure were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Thymol alone or in combination with the fungicide iprodione did not appear to reduce either white rot incidence or soil sclerotia density as compared to an infected control. However, iprodione alone or in combination with thymol reduced soil fungal biomass. In addition, iprodione alone decreased soil microbial activity as estimated by fluorescein diacetate (FDA). Soil bacterial community structure as estimated by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles was also was affected by both thymol and iprodione applications. The correlation biplot of the individual PLFAs and biocide treatment indicated that the treatments with thymol alone increased cyclopropyl fatty acid (cy17:0 and cy19:0), while the treatments with iprodione alone increased some saturated and branched fatty acids (principally i16:0, a15:0 and 18:0). In addition, taking into account PLFA biomarkers, thymol applications reduced Gram-negative bacteria in soil. To our knowledge, this research is the first report about the effect of a monoterpene (thymol) on soil microflora.
Spectrophotometric titrations of calix[4]arene and p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene with LiOH, NaOH, KOH, tetramethylmmonium and tetrabutylammonium hydroxides as bases were carried in ethanol 95 % and acetonitrile. The dependence of pK a of the first deprotonation of calix[4]-arene with the nature of the cation was only modest in ethanol 95 %, spanning from 8.53 pK a unit for NaOH until 9.00 for LiOH, whereas in acetonitrile the proton transfer is quantitative. The first deprotonation of p-t-butylcalix[6]arene in both solvents is quantitative and the extension of the second deprotonation is very dependent of the nature of the cation in ethanol and acetonitrile. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide was the strongest base for both solvents, and both deprotonations proceed quantitatively and concomitantly in ethanol, followed by potassium hydroxide, and the weakest base was tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. This behavior indicates that the ability to form N ? -C-H-p and K ? -p interactions plays an important role to stabilize the mono and dianion calixarene. Lithium and sodium exhibit non-usual acid-base behavior in acetonitrile, attributed to aggregation of the species.
Background: Highly conjugated Carbon based Molecules and Nanostructures could show interesting Quantum properties for varied developments. Thus, Quantum emission, encryption, and participation in varied signal transmissions are of high impact on new Quantum and Nanotechnology.
Methods: Quantum properties were analyzed based on experimental data recorded by the use of different Optical set ups configurations and appropriate Lasers depending of the specific property measured. Moreover, the data discussed was correlated and compared with theorical calculations.
Results: In this review we discuss the quantum properties of graphene and its derivatives produced by their high electronic densities from highly organized carbon-based structures. We also evaluated their coupling properties by joining other nanomaterial sources with varied atomic compositions that generated different energy levels of quantized states. Quantum emissions, pseudo-electromagnetic field interactions, quantum interferences in Fermi and Landau levels, conductions bands, plasmonic interactions, opto-electronics, electron conductions and transference implications have been discussed.
Conclusion: We thus discussed the coupling of quantum properties generated from the sub-atomic level towards the transference and transduction to larger scales beyond the nano- and microscale. We finally referred to the future perspectives of the phenomena discussed and their potential applications.
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