This paper discusses an environmental criterion rarely addressed in the literature for the selection of salt hydrates for use in photovoltaic installations as Phase change materials. The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of utilization of used salt hydrates from photovoltaic installations according to current Polish legal requirements concerning the environment. The properties of the composition components of hydrated salts were discussed in terms of their safety for the environment before and after the period of exploitation in photovoltaic panels. A method of dealing with used salt hydrates was proposed and a waste code was assigned. It has been established that spent salt hydrates will be allowed to be collected in no-outflow tanks and accepted at liquid waste collection points, which operate at water supply and sewerage companies, and the load of permissible pollutants should not exceed the value for industrial sewage.
The aim of this article is to assess the potential impact of inorganic salt hydrates used as PCM material in solar installations on the environment and human health and to assess the society’s approach to this technology. The properties of salt are discussed in two ways: first, by analyzing the environmental and health problems caused by chemical hazards on the basis of the available material safety data sheets. Secondly, by analyzing the potential disadvantages of salt hydrates in terms of environmental hazards based on the results of experimental studies available in the literature. Then, using questionnaires, the public approach to solar installations with a built-in converter containing salt hydrates is assessed. Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate turned out to be the most prospective salt in terms of environmental, thermophysical, and economic properties for use in solar installations. Understanding the attitudes of the local community toward technologies using inorganic salt hydrates will enable appropriate action to be taken in the future to promote their development. Surveys have shown great public concern about their impact on the environment and human health. In this regard, it is necessary to implement information and promotion activities.
Radon is known as a radioactive element that dissolves easily in water. It is worth mentioning that it is available in all possible reservoirs. Its concentration cannot be measured directly but only from the emitted radiation. Investigations of 222Rn activity in water in the Kielce district were subjected to three selected water intakes: Bolechowice, Kołomań and Wola Kopcowa. This type of research was conducted for the first time in the discussed area. The results were analyzed in detail in terms of acceptable concentrations. Next, it was determined whether the geological location of the intakes in question may have an impact on the amount of radon present in water from the water supply network.
The authors present a general idea of using inorganic salt hydrates in solar installations. A key role in this selection is played by thermophysical parameters, so the authors review their test methods and in turn characterize them for the most promising salt hydrates. Next, the authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of inorganic salt hydrates and indicate possibilities for their improvement. The use of salt hydrate converters in PV installations significantly improves the efficiency of photovoltaic modules. We show that at least 18 salt hydrates are promising for solar applications with the best ones being Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate, Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate and Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate. The selection of a test method for determining the thermophysical parameters of salt hydrates should be individual depending on the research objective. Comparing the methods presented, we believe that it is the DSC and DTA methods that provide the most accurate and repeatable results.
The purpose of the article was to estimate the thermal power of groundwater intakes of the Kielce district within the sheets of hydrogeological maps with the serial numbers MHP 813-817, MHP 850-851, and to indicate in this area prospective areas for the development of low-temperature geothermal energy supported by water/water heat pumps. Based on the calculations on the basis of 147 groundwater intakes, it was determined that the estimated values of thermal power resources are in the range of 3.47 kW to 5757.34 kW. The created map of the low-temperature geothermal potential for groundwater intakes indicates the towns of Bodzentyn, Morawica and the villages of Piekoszów, Wolica and the area around the village of Górno as prospective areas.
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