Both proposed adjuvant therapies associated with conventional mechanical treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis were equally effective in terms of the gain of clinical insertion, control of inflammation and elimination of residual pockets.

The aim of this randomised clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in chewable tablets as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis in smoking patients. 34 patient smokers were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The SRP group (n=17) received scaling and root planing (SRP) in one session and a placebo; the PRO group (n=17) received SRP in one session and 2 probiotic tablets 2× per day, for 21 days. Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and pockets with PD≥5 mm and bleeding were measured at baseline and 90 days. After 90 days of treatment, the PD and pockets with PD≥5 mm and bleeding were significantly lower in both groups compared to baseline (P<0.05). In the PRO group, the BOP had significantly reduced at 90 days when compared with the baseline (P<0.05). There was statistically significant reduction in PD between baseline and 90 days in the PRO group in deep pockets (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the reduction in PD (P=0.95) or gain in CAL (P=0.97) in moderate and deep pockets. The adjuvant use of L. reuteri in the treatment of chronic periodontitis was effective in controlling gingival inflammation because reduced bleeding on probing which means reduced gingival inflammation and was effective in reducing deep pocket in manner clinically relevant.

Aim: This study evaluated three concentrations of butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats.Material and Methods: EP was ligature-induced at the first mandibular molar in 105 rats.Ligature was removed after 7 days and animals were distributed into the following treatments: SRP, scaling and root planing (SRP) plus saline solution; BuTB-0.1, SRP plus BuTB at 0.1 mg/mL; aPDT-0.1, SRP plus BuTB at 0.1 mg/mL and InGaAlP diode laser (DL) irradiation; BuTB-0.5, SRP plus BuTB at 0.5 mg/mL; aPDT-0.5, SRP plus BuTB at 0.5 mg/mL and DL irradiation; BuTB-2.0, SRP plus BuTB at 2 mg/mL; aPDT-2.0, SRP plus BuTB at 2 mg/mL and DL irradiation. Five animals from each group were submitted to euthanasia at 7, 15 and 30 days post-treatment. The furcation area was submitted to histological, histometric and immunohistochemical (TGF-ß1, OCN and TRAP) analyses.Results: aPDT-0.5 group presented a better tissue remodeling in all periods, resolution of the inflammatory response and bone neoformation areas at 30 days. aPDT-0.5 also resulted in higher immunolabelling patterns of TGFβ1 at all periods (p<0.05) and of OCN at 30 days (p<0.05).Conclusion: aPDT-0.5 showed the best benefits for inflammatory response and periodontal repair process.

Background The aim of the present study was to assess the periodontal condition of individuals with Down syndrome and the association with sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics and family perception of oral health. Methods This cross‐sectional observational study was performed at a referral centre for dental assistance to disabled persons in Araçatuba, Brazil. Parents of the individuals were interviewed, and the visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded by one periodontist in six sites per tooth of all teeth. The individual was the unit of analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Sixty‐four subjects (23.8 ± 8.3 years old) were included. Eighteen (28.1%) were diagnosed with gingivitis and 46 (71.9%) with periodontitis. In the multiple logistic regression final model, age and self‐reported oral hygiene practices were associated with the occurrence of periodontitis. The chance of having periodontitis was 4.7 times higher among individuals older than 20 years and approximately 4 times higher in patients whose oral hygiene was performed by themselves and their parents, compared with those who performed oral hygiene alone. Sex, follow‐up time in the centre, education, degree of participants' dependence, flossing and family history of periodontal disease were not associated with the occurrence of periodontitis. Higher levels of plaque and bleeding were observed for participants with parents reporting bad gingival health (76.2% and 46.9%) and deficient oral hygiene (79.5% and 47.3%). The perception of parents regarding gingival bleeding was correlated with higher bleeding detected clinically (P = 0.01; 50.1%). Conclusions The prevalence of periodontitis in individuals with Down syndrome is high and increases with age, even in the face of the parents' perception about their children's oral condition.

Most of the barriers seem to be associated to lack of confidence and information among patients and professionals, as well as a lack of parameters for scheduling or referrals to dental care, especially for those with a low-socioeconomic background.

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This study assessed the effect of curcumin as a photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of induced periodontitis in rats. Periodontitis was induced via a ligature around the mandibular first molar on the left side of 96 rats. The ligature was removed 7 days later, and the animals were randomized into four groups: NT, no local treatment; CUR, irrigation with curcumin solution (40 μM); LED, irradiation with a light-emitting diode (LED, InGaN, 465-485 nm, 200 mW/cm, 60 s); and aPDT, irrigation with curcumin solution (40 μM) followed by irradiation with LED. Eight animals from each group were euthanized at 7, 15, and 30 days post-treatment. Treatments were assessed using alveolar bone loss (ABL) in the furcation region using histological, histometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Rats treated with aPDT exhibited less ABL at 7 days compared to the NT group, moderate pattern immunolabeling for osteoprotegerin at 30 days, and a pattern of immunolabeling for RANKL from moderate to low. Treatments resulted in smaller numbers of TRAP-positive cells compared to the NT group. aPDT as monotherapy using curcumin as a photosensitizer and LED as the light source was effective in the treatment of induced periodontitis in rats.