Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in the development of endometriosis, including its malignant transformation. Previous studies have found that AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), a tumor suppressor gene, is frequently mutated and inactivated in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC), and such a change in this gene is considered an early event in malignant transformation. We observed oxidative stress status by measuring the activity of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ARID1A gene expression in tissue samples from patients with endometriosis, EAOC, or non–endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (non-EAOC). We also induced oxidative stress in the cultured cells from patients with primary endometriosis by adding H2O2 and tested for any alteration of ARID1A gene expression based on different H2O2 concentrations. The results showed that MnSOD activity in endometriosis and EAOC was lower than in non-EAOC, but MDA levels were higher. This study also showed that oxidative stress reduced ARID1A gene expression.

The present study aims to focus on the bioprospecting of marine macroalgae of Turbinaria species, plenteous biomass of the world ocean. Three types of solvents, i.e., H 2 O, MeOH/H 2 O (80:20, v/v) and hexane/i-PrOH (50:50, v/v), were used for extraction. Both the biological activity and the pattern of present chemicals were characterized. For the cell proliferation assay, the human embryonic kidney 293 cells, cervix/breast/pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma cells were used. For the antioxidant activity determination, both intracellular assay with human embryonic kidney and cervix adenocarcinoma cells, as well as the biochemical DPPH test, were employed. To complete the information about macroalgae composition, organic compounds were characterized by the liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Attention was concentrated mainly on the lipidomic profile characterization. In spite the fact that any significant antiproliferative effect was not observed for cancer cells, both the Turbinaria species were shown to be good protectors against the oxidative stress of the noncancer cells. Most of the antioxidants were determined in the hexane/i-PrOH extract. As regards the lipids identified, most of them belonged to the triacylglycerols followed by sphingomyelins, diacylglycerols, and polar (lyso) phospholipids. Additionally to fatty acids with 14, 16 and 18 carbons, also those with odd carbon numbers were frequently present.

Localization of tenascin-C in vivo and cell culture experiments in vitro have provided evidence for stromal production of tenascin-C in malignant tumors of a variety of organs. Here we raised the question of whether the mesenchymal stroma in the case of endometrial adenocarcinoma is the unique source of tenascin-C. Therefore, the expression of tenascin-C mRNA by human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells and endometrial stroma cells was investigated. Several preparations of endometrial stroma cells produced tenascin-C mRNA. Using a serum-free defined cell culture medium, production of tenascin-C mRNA could be increased by adding either serum or 20 ng TGF-beta/mL to the cell culture medium. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that five out of six endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines produced tenascin-C mRNA. Northern blot experiments and ribonuclease protection assays provided evidence that the number of copies of tenascin-C mRNA was small. Analysis of expressed splice variants by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the abundance of one major splice variant that lacked all potential alternatively spliced fibronectin type-III-like repeats. Regarding larger splice variants, all fragment sizes that could theoretically originate from seven alternatively spliced fibronectin type-III-like repeats were observed. Evaluating relative signal intensities, the splice variants containing a single fibronectin type-III-like repeat and the variant possessing all but one alternatively spliced repeats were most frequent. In summary, evidence is provided that tenascin-C can originate from both tissue compartments of the human endometrium stroma and (tumor) epithelium. Splice variant analysis revealed a high number of splice variants and a relative high proportion of variants that have so far been regarded as minor constituents of expressed tenascin-C.

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MDCK and Vero cell lines have been used as substrates for influenza virus replication. However, Vero cells produced lower influenza virus titer yield compared to MDCK. Influenza virus needs molecules for internalisation of the virus into the host cell, such as influenza virus receptor and clathrin. Human influenza receptor is usually a membrane protein containing Sia(α2,6) Gal, which is added into the protein in the golgi apparatus by α2,6 sialyltransferase (SIAT1). Light clathrin A (LCA), light clathrin B (LCB) and heavy clathrin (HC) are the main components needed for virus endocytosis. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin in Vero and MDCK cells. This study is reporting the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin observed in both cells with respect to the levels of (1) RNA by using RT-PCR, (2) protein by using dot blot analysis and confocal microscope. The results showed that Vero and MDCK cells expressed both SIAT1 and clathrin proteins, and the expression of SIAT1 in MDCK was higher compared to Vero cells. On the other hand, the expressions of LCA, LCB and HC protein in MDCK cells were not significantly different to Vero cells. This result showed that the inability of Vero cells to internalize H1N1 influenza virus was possibly due to the lack of transmembrane protein receptor which contained Sia(α2,6) Gal.