The authors endeavor to investigate the intersection and relationship between sustainability, business models and a circular economy. These three concepts are believed to be at the heart of finding a solution to creating and implementing a circular economy. The three pillars of sustainability (society, environment and economics) have been identified as the golden thread when applied to developing circular economies and the business models used in these circular economies. These three pillars highlighted the areas of intersection and engagement between the circular economy and business models. The three pillars, or stakeholders, need to be considered equally and, where there is sacrifice and benefits, they need to be balanced. A scoping review was chosen, as the starting point, to ascertain the literature in the field. The results of the scoping review showed a lack of research conducted at the point of intersection between these three fields. Finding a solution by creating and implementing a circular economy will have positive effects on the economy, environment and society, as there is, proverbially, “not much time left” and everyone in the process will sacrifice and benefit. The research has highlighted the need to explore the intersection and relationship between sustainability, business models and the circular economy as a concept, and future research should develop frameworks to guide the development and implementation of this intersection to include all relevant stakeholders.

Introduction Value chains in their entirety, within the South African context, have not been the focus of much research thus far. A plethora of research has been done on the various actors within the value chain, but the rest of the value chain has not been identified and depicted. Failing to understand and describe the entire value chain of polyethylene terephthalate plastics has led to many unanswered questions and misunderstood impacts on the plastics waste economy. Purpose The purpose of the study was to document and depict the value chain and its activities within the polyethylene terephthalate waste economy in South Africa, which, according to the available literature, has not been done before. The documentation of the value chain and its activities will assist in identifying the possibilities of job creation within the waste economy, which could impact the diversion of waste from the landfill. Method A qualitative research approach with an exploratory research design was followed, and the data collection was done by means of a workshop. The participants in the workshop included captains of industry, entrepreneurs, academics, government, environmental groups and environmental non-governmental organizations. The workshop was recorded audio-visually, and concepts and discussions were documented for this purpose. All information was transcribed and documented in a final document. Results The value chain and its activities were documented. Conclusion The information collected is a starting point for more research within the waste economy, as the process will be followed with other waste streams. Job creation gaps have been identified and further research has started creating a better understanding of the value chain, which will influence policy.

Outlines the problems which may arise in an engineering business and considers various strategies which may be employed for survival and future success. Discusses the effects of change and emphasizes the importance of human resources, marketing plans, product plans, manufacturing plans, systems plans and the ‘pizzaz’ factor in a company resurrection.

A conceptual framework is developed to postulate the process of developing entrepreneurs at a university level as a panacea for mitigating high levels of graduate unemployment in South Africa. The challenges are compounded by slow economic growth and the resultant high unemployment levels. Despite the growing body of empirical research evidence on the development of entrepreneurs in general, there is limited research on the development of student entrepreneurship. Drawing on Azjen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour, the paper conceptualises on factors that potentially influence the intention of students within the university to become entrepreneurs. Following Azen (1991), the paper interrogates the influence of the following four factors, namely, attitude towards entrepreneurship, role models, entrepreneurial leaders, and resources and opportunities. The conceptual framework proposes a model that will assist in developing student entrepreneurship mindsets and aptitudes that will equip them to embark on rather starting their own ventures upon graduation, than seeking employment. The entrepreneurship development process will create opportunities for selfemployment, as well as employment creation within the South African economy.

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