The NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) positive myoenteric neurons from the body of the stomach of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes with or without supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) were evaluated. At the age of 105 days the animals were divided into four groups: normoglycaemic (C), normoglycaemic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D) and diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). The supplementation with ALC (200 mg/kg body weight/day) to groups CC and DC was made during 105 days. After this period the animals were killed and the stomach removed and subjected to the histochemical technique of NADPH-d for the staining of the neurons of the myoenteric plexus. The area of 500 neurons of each group was investigated, as well as the neuronal density in an area of 23.84 mm(2) in each stomach. ALC promoted reduction (P < 0.05) of fasting glycaemia, water ingestion and areas of the profiles of the cell bodies of the NADPH-d neurons in the diabetic animals. The density of these neurons was not statistically different in the groups studied. It is suggested, therefore, a moderate neuroprotective effect of ALC, because the diminishment of the areas of the neuronal profiles in the supplemented diabetic animals, although being statistically significant relative to the non-supplemented diabetics, was not sufficient to equal the values from the non-diabetic controls.

RESUMO:O Diabetes mellitus é uma doença crônica caracterizada pela elevação da glicose no sangue (hiperglicemia), sendo considerado um distúrbio metabólico, devido à ausência de insulina produzida pelo pâncreas e/ou pela diminuição de sua ação, não permitindo que o corpo possa utilizá-la eficazmente. Os fatores de risco do diabetes podem ser encontrados no meio ambiente ou podem ser hereditários. As mudanças provocadas no meio ambiente pelo próprio homem, os hábitos e estilos de vida podem determinar o tipo de diabetes. Pesquisas sobre o diabetes têm avançado rapidamente nas últimas décadas, com isso vêm sendo descobertas novas formas de tratamentos, no entanto a população diabética continua a fazer uso de plantas, como terapia alternativa que pode ser somada aos tratamentos convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar o número de pacientes diabéticos atendidos pela Secretaria de Saúde do Município de Colorado (PR) e avaliar o conhecimento que os mesmos têm sobre as plantas medicinais. Por meio de questionários, 100 pessoas portadoras de diabetes foram entrevistadas em sua própria residência; foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos para averiguar se as plantas utilizadas no combate ao diabetes realmente têm fundamentação científica para o fim utilizado. Observou-se que a maioria da população diabética entrevistada não faz uso de plantas medicinais, eram do sexo feminino, cursaram apenas o ensino fundamental, com diagnóstico da doença entre um a cinco anos e quatro a sete de tratamento, não apresentam casos de diabetes na família, fazem uso de medicação hipoglicemiante. Os pacientes que utilizam essas plantas citaram 22 tipos diferentes de vegetais, as utilizam na forma de infusão, duas vezes ao dia, e acreditam que as mesmas têm a capacidade de diminuir a glicose sanguínea. Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes que utilizam essas plantas, esse estudo é válido, pois acrescenta informações sobre o uso das mesmas no controle do diabetes, além disso, é fundamental que os profissionais da saúde tenham conhecimento sobre a utilização destas plantas, para que informem a população quanto às formas de preparo mais comumente utilizadas e os riscos que as mesmas podem apresentar, a fim de que o uso proporcione os benefícios desejados à saúde. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Diabetes mellitus; Etnobotânica; Fitoterapia; Plantas Medicinais. MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY DIABETIC PEOPLE IN COLORADO, BRAZILABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia). It is a metabolic disorder due to the lack of insulin produced by the pancreas or by decrease of its activities which impair its efficiency. Risk factors are extant in the environment and may be hereditary. Man-made changes

-The effect of the treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on neurons releasing the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) of the submucous plexus in the jejunum of diabetic rats was the purpose of our investigation. Diabetes (DM) was induced by injecting streptozotocin endovenously (35mg/kg). After sacrificing the animals, the jejunum was collected and processed for VIP detection. Four groups were used: C (nondiabetic), CC (non-diabetic treated with ALC), D (diabetic), DC (diabetes treated with ALC). We analyzed the immunoreactivity and the cellular profile of 126 cell bodies. The treatment with ALC improved some aspects of DM. However, it promoted a small increase in the area of neurons from group CC, suggesting a possible neurotrophic effect. Neurons from groups D and DC showed a large increase in their cellular profile and immunoreactivity when compared to C and CC, suggesting a larger concentration of this neurotransmitter within the neurons that produce it. This observation constitutes a recurrent finding in diabetic animals, suggesting that ALC doesnot interfere in the pathophysiological mechanisms that unchain a higher production and/or neurotransmitter accumulation and increase the profile of the VIP-ergic neurons.KEY WORDS: acetyl-L-carnitine, submucous plexus, VIP, diabetes, jejunum, rat. Efeito da acetil-L-carnitina sobre neurônios Vip-érgicos do plexo submucoso do jejuno de ratos diabéticosRESUMO -Investigamos o efeito da acetil-L-carnitina (ALC) sobre os neurônios que expressam o peptídeo intestinal vasoativo (VIP) do plexo submucoso no jejuno de ratos diabéticos. O diabetes (DM) foi induzido pela administração endovenosa de estreptozootocina (35mg/kg). Após o sacrifício dos animais, o jejuno foi coletado e processado para a detecção de VIP. Utilizou-se quatro grupos: C (não diabéticos), CC (não diabéticos suplementados com ALC), D (diabéticos) e DC (diabéticos suplementados com ALC). Analisou-se a imunoreatividade e o perfil celular de 126 corpos celulares. O tratamento com ALC melhorou alguns aspectos do DM. Porém, promoveu pequeno aumento na área dos neurônios do grupo CC, indicando possível efeito neurotrófico. Neurônios dos grupos D e DC apresentaram grande aumento do perfil celular e na imunoreatividade em relação a C e CC, sugerindo maior concentração deste neurotransmissor nestes neurônios. Esta observação é constante em animais diabéticos, sugerindo que a ALC não interfere nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos que desencadeiam a maior produção e/ou acúmulo de neurotransmissor e aumento do perfil dos neurônios VIP-érgicos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: acetil-L-carnitina, plexo submucoso, VIP, diabetes, jejuno, rato. Diabetes mellitus (DM) main chronic complications are, among others, vascular changes and peripheral neuropathies, which lead to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Several hypotheses have been reported concerning the main causes for the origin of the diabetic neuropathy. Recent reports have described that the carnitine abnormal metabolism may be one of the reasons that triggers neural damage...

In this work, we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation (200 mg/kg/day) on the myenteric neurons of the ileum of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.v.). Four groups were used: diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC), control (C) and control supplemented with ALC (CC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the animals were killed and the ileum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The density of neurons seen in 12.72 mm2 of ileum showed no difference among the groups, although in group D it was 22% smaller than in group C, while group DC was 9% smaller to group CC. The profiles of the cell bodies (PC) of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. The neurons PC in group D decreased (P < 0.0001) when compared with other groups and increased (P < 0.0001) when compared with group DC. The incidence of neurons with a PC inferior to 200 microm2 was larger in group D. The frequency of neurons with a PC higher than 200 microm2 in group DC was close to those seen in groups C and CC. We concluded that ALC eases the loss of neurons and makes the incidence of myenteric neurons with a PC higher than 200 microm2 similar to the control rats.

The frequency of meiotic abnormalities among single-, double-and three-way cross experimental hybrids and their parental inbred lines is studied. Among the sixteen inbred lines examined, fifteen originated from populations developed at the National Center of Research in Maize and Sorghum (CNPMS/Embrapa) and one from a population developed at ESALQ (Faculty of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz of the University of São Paulo). Previous analyses of homozygous and heterozygous maize genotypes from CNPMS populations demonstrated high meiotic instability. The present investigation aims at analyzing the meiotic behavior of different inbred lines obtained from CNPMS populations by another breeding enterprise to verify the presence of the same abnormalities and determine whether the abnormalities might compromise productivity. Analyses showed the presence of some abnormalities described previously, albeit at a lower frequency. The most common abnormalities in homozygous and heterozygous genotypes from CNPMS populations were related to irregular chromosome segregation and to chromosome stickiness. An inbred line from the ESALQ population showed only abnormalities related to irregular chromosome segregation caused by the presence of univalent chromosomes. The Pearson correlation procedure indicated high negative correlation between meiotic abnormalities and productivity.

Summary In this study we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation on the myenteric neurons of the jejunum of rats made diabetic at the age of 105 days by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight). Four groups were used: non-diabetic (C), non-diabetic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the blood was collected by cardiac puncture to evaluate glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin. Next the animals were killed and the jejunum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The neuronal counts were made in 80 microscopic fields, in tissue samples of five animals of each group. The profiles of the cell bodies of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. Diabetes induced a significant increase in the area of the cell body and decrease in the number of NADH-diaphorase positive myoenteric neurons. ALC suplementation to the diabetic group promoted smaller hypertrophic effects and less neuronal loss than in the myoenteric neurons of the diabetic rats, and in addition diminished the body weight decrease and reduced the fasting glycaemia.

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Contudo, observou-se que o vegetal pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia sp.), apesar de ter um potencial farmacológico ainda pouco explorado na química de produtos naturais, esta parece ser a planta medicinal com atividade hipoglicemiante e evidência científica comprovada de acordos com os estudos realizados. Entretanto, se faz necessário estudos fitoquímicos mais aprofundados, com o intuito de isolamento de novos compostos para o tratamento do diabetes, com base nesta espécie.