We determined the interfacial molarities of the antioxidants, AOs, hydroxytyrosol (HT), and HT fatty acid esters with chain lengths of 1 to 16 carbons in intact olive oil/water/Tween 20 emulsions. The results were compared with chain length effects on the oxidative stability of the same emulsions, and a direct correlation was established. Both (AOI) molarities (varying 50-250 times greater than the stoichiometric 3.5 × 10(-3) M AO concentration) and antioxidant efficiencies show similar parabola-like dependences on AO chain length with a maximum at C8, consistent with the "cut-off" effect often observed at longer chain lengths. Results should aid in understanding the complex structure-reactivity relationships between AO efficiencies in emulsified systems and their hydrophobilic-hydrophobic balance.
The distribution of a homologous series of polyphenol derivatives of increasing lipophilicity has been determined in fish oil-in-water emulsions and nanoemulsions by the pseudophase model. One of the hypotheses on which the pseudophase model is based, is that its application is independent of the size of emulsion droplets. In agreement with our hypothesis, results showed that the smaller droplet size found in nanoemulsions does not affect partition constants of gallic acid (GA) and its esters. The antioxidant efficiency of GA and gallates in the emulsified systems used, correlated positively with the concentration of antioxidant at the interfacial region. The increase in the oil/water ratio increased the overall oxidative stability of emulsions but decreased the antioxidant efficiency of the more lipophilic derivatives. This can be assigned to the fact that, increasing the oil phase volume, the interfacial concentration decreased for the more lipophilic antioxidants.
Background Several studies have reported that morbid obesity is associated with increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. However, it is not clear what is the impact of bariatric surgery on postoperative thyroid function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery on TSH levels in euthyroid patients with morbid obesity. TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), type of surgery, and excessive body weight loss (EBWL) on TSH variation 12 months after surgery was evaluated.
MethodsResults The high-normal TSH group (24.3% of patients) included more women, presented a higher BMI, higher systolic blood pressure, and higher FT3 levels. There was a significant decrease of TSH 12 months after surgery that was more marked in the high-normal TSH group (normal TSH group: 1.57 ± 0.49 to 1.53 ± 0.69 mIU/L, p = 0.063; high-normal TSH group: 3.23 ± 0.59 to 2.38 ± 0.86 mIU/L, p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for relevant covariates, EBWL, baseline BMI, and baseline FT3 were significantly associated with TSH decrease 12 months after bariatric surgery.Conclusion Bariatric surgery promotes a decrease of TSH that is significantly greater in patients with high-normal TSH and is independently associated with EBWL after surgery.
Patients' age and preoperative HbA1c can forecast diabetes remission following surgery. Unlike other studies, our group found that the use of oral anti-diabetics and insulin therapy were not independent predictors of postoperative diabetes status. Preoperative beta cell function, mainly C-peptide AUC, is useful in predicting diabetes remission, and it should be assessed in all obese diabetic patients before bariatric or metabolic surgery.
RYGB is the only bariatric surgery that reduces TC and LDL in age-, sex-, BMI- and EWL-matched patients. All three procedures improved TG and HDL similarly when the confounding effect of weight loss is eliminated.
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