The objective of the present study was to evaluate different methods for indirectly diagnosing mastitis during the postpartum period. These methods were: automatic and microscopic somatic cell counting (SCC), the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Somaticell V R . A total of 538 milk samples from 34 cows were used. These were collected at six times: day of parturition (M1) and 3 (M2), 7 (M3), 15 (M4), 21 (M5) and 30 (M6) days after parturition. Automatic and microscopic SCC, CMT and Somaticell V R were all able to detect mastitis during the immediate postpartum period (up to 3 days postpartum). However, higher cut-off values should be applied to automatic and microscopic SCC. The negative score (score 0) of CMT was considered to be the best cut-off point at all times. Moreover, the values found using the Somaticell V R test should not be used to presume the automatic SCC values, since there are discrepancies between the values of Somaticell V R and automatic and microscopic SCC. It can be concluded that the different methods evaluated here to milk cellularity can be applied for diagnosing bovine mastitis, even during the immediate postpartum period, when there is greater cellularity, such as in the colostrum and transition milk. ARTICLE HISTORY

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile, the activity of blood neutrophils, and the immunoglobulin G levels of primiparous and multiparous sheep (Lacaune breed) during the first 30 days after lambing. Fifteen primiparous ewes (GPR) and 15 multiparous ewes (GPM) were used. Evaluations were performed on the days of lambing and at three, seven, fifteen and thirty days post-lambing. In general, the basal and bactericidal activity of neutrophils were lower in GPR than in GPM. Phagocytosis was greater in the primiparous sheep in the initial moments after lambing. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were highest for GPM, indicating a negative energy balance in this group. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that primiparous sheep have higher neutrophil phagocytosis, while this cell type has higher bactericidal activity in multiparous sheep. Multiparous ewes presented with higher lipomobilization due to maintenance needs and higher milk production.

This report describes the inspection of the inside surface of the gallbladder and the cystic duct by a newly available catheter and endoscopic system, with the aid of retrograde endoscopy. Using our newly developed endoscopic retrograde catheter system, we were able to cannulate the gallbladder in nearly 80% of all cases. No papillotomy is needed. Owing to its high degree of flexibility and relative robustness, coupled with brilliant optical quality, the new 0.5 mm miniscope permits careful and virtually complete inspection of even such small structures as the tortuous cystic duct.

RESUMOA leishmaniose visceral canina é uma importante zoonose causadora de sinais clínicos cutâneos e viscerais, que tem o cão como principal reservatório urbano. No Brasil, vários estados são endêmicos para a doença, principalmente no nordeste e norte do país. Com o aumento do deslocamento populacional e de animais de companhia os relatos da doença vêm sendo descritos crescentemente, como é o caso do Paraná que já é considerado endêmico em alguns municípios desde 2013. Descreve-se um caso alóctone de leishmaniose visceral canina diagnosticado em capa leucocitária, com ênfase nas alterações laboratoriais. Um cão da raça Chow-Chow, macho, de 7 anos proveniente de área endêmica (Tocantins) foi atendido em um Hospital-escola no Paraná. O animal apresentava epistaxe, secreção purulenta periocular; mucosas hipocoradas; claudicação, fraqueza muscular, ataxia e cansaço progressivo, abdômen rígido e álgico a palpação. O hemograma revelou intensa pancitopenia (1,68x10 6 eritrócitos/µL; 1.800 leucócitos totais/µL e 29.000 plaquetas/µL) e discreta hipoproteinemia (5,8g/dL) e estruturas compatíveis com Anaplasma sp em plaquetas. Os valores de alanina aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, uréia e creatinina estavam dentro do intervalo de referência para a espécie. Foi analisada uma lâmina de capa de leucócitos, na qual foram observadas formas amastigotas de Leishmania sp. em neutrófilos e monócitos. Foram notificados os órgãos responsáveis e o tutor optou pela eutanásia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: capa leucocitária, leishmaniose visceral canina, pancitopenia

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Background: Bovine leukemia virus (VLB) is an oncogenic deltaretrovirus associated with the development of persistent lymphocytosis (LP) and lymphosarcomas in cattle. LP is characterized by chronic elevation of the number of circulating lymphocytes, in the case of B lymphocytes. Several studies have described functional changes in various leukocyte populations in both blood and milk in VLB-infected animals. The impact of some chronic diseases of low lethality is aggravated by the emergence of comorbidities.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative metabolism and neutrophil phagocytosis of bovines of the Holtein breed naturally infected with the bovine leukemia virus (VLB).Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 20 cows were divided into three groups: (NG) seven non-seroreagent animals for VLB and without hematological alterations; (GAL) eight seroreagent animals for VLB and without hematological alterations; and (GLP) five seroreagent animals for VLB with persistent lymphocytosis (LP). The oxidative metabolism of neutrophils was determined by the tetrazolium nitroblast reduction test stimulated or not with Zymosan particles. The percentage of neutrophils that phagocytosed Zymosan particle (s) was also evaluated. The data were initially evaluated for normality and homoscedasticity by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Then the ANOVA test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test was applied for the comparison between the NG, GAL and GLP animals. Comparison between the NG animals and the seroreagent animals for the VLB (GVLB) was also performed through the unpaired Student's t-test. The value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. No significant differences were observed in oxidative neutrophil metabolism in stimulated and non-stimulated samples with Zymosan particles nor in the percentage of neutrophils that phagocytosed Zymosan particle (s) among the three experimental groups. However, as no differences were observed between the seroreagent animals for VLB with and without LP, we chose to divide the animals into only two experimental, non-seroreagent and seroreagent groups for VLB. Thus, when non-seroreagent animals for the VLB were compared with the seroreagent animals for the VLB, which corresponds to the GAL and GLP animals, a significant difference was observed in relation to the oxidative metabolism by neutrophils stimulated with Zymosan particles.Discussion: Some viral diseases are often associated with increased susceptibility to new infections and several studies have evaluated the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in VLB infection, but few studies have investigated neutrophil function. Some authors, when evaluating phagocytic capacity and oxidative metabolism, respectively, of blood leukocytes from VLB-infected animals, observed that VLB-infected animals displaying LP had lower phagocytic capacity and lower production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Some studies have shown that oxygen consumption by neutrophils was higher in experimentally infected sheep by VLB after 15 weeks of challenge, but this species is not a natural host of the virus, since transmission does not occur between sheep and cattle and the pathogenesis of infection by VLB is more acute in sheep, a result of the lower latency period for LP development. Other authors, when evaluating the interference of VLB in milk leukocytes, concluded that VLB-infected animals show lower intensity of intracellular ROS production by flow cytometry in VLB-infected animals, especially animals expressing LP, despite the fact that percentage of milk neutrophils that produced ROS did not differ between groups. It can be concluded that VLB interferes in neutrophilic function with possible implications for the health of VLB-infected animals and may favor secondary infections.

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