A new type of water dissociation at ambient pressure initiated by the irradiation of aqueous electrolytes using an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 13.56 MHz is described in this study. A special reactor design allows the use of ex situ electrodes to form in situ electrical discharges in water vapour bubbles. The observed formation of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) combined with the emission of light ('burning water' phenomenon) originates from a non-thermal plasma in water vapour bubbles. The influences of type of electrolyte, its concentration, pH value and external RF voltage on the gas formation rate as well as on the gas composition are presented.
Kleinfeuerungsanlagen, die mit fester Biomasse betrieben werden, können in nicht unerheblichem Umfang toxische bzw. gesundheitsgefährdende Schadgase sowie Feinstaub emittieren. Eine repräsentative Auswahl der am Markt verfügbaren oder in aktuellen Forschungsprojekten in der Entwicklung befindlichen sekundären Emissionsminderungstechniken wird vorgestellt. Zurzeit ist kein System zur sekundären Emissionsminderung am Markt verfügbar, das den Ausstoß sowohl gasförmiger als auch fester bzw. kondensierter Luftschadstoffe wirksam vermindert. Eine Recherche zum Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zeigt, dass elektrostatische Abscheider in Kombination mit der katalytischen Abgasreinigung eine aussichtsreiche sekundäre Technik darstellen. Experimentelle Arbeiten zur Untersuchung einer solchen Kombination werden vorgestellt.
Radio‐frequency heating to enhance soil decontamination requires adjusted solutions for the electrode design depending on scale and remediation technique. Parallel plate electrodes provide widely homogeneous field and temperature distributions and are, therefore, most suitable for supporting biodegradation processes. For thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction, certain temperature gradients can be accepted and, therefore, the less‐demanding geometry of rod‐shaped electrodes is usually applied. For electrode lengths of some meters, a design with an air gap has to be used in order to focus heating to the desired depth. Perforated rod electrodes may be simultaneously employed as extraction wells. Placing an oxidation catalyst in situ within the electrodes is an option for handling of highly loaded air flows. Coaxial antenna may be utilized to selectively heat soil compartments far from the surface of the soil.
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