Auch wenn sie es vehement von sich weisen würden, so haben meine Eltern großen Anteil an dieser, meiner Dissertation. Sie gaben mir von Kindesbeinen an die Freiheit, mich mit dem Nachdenken auseinanderzusetzen. Glaubt mir, Mama und Papa, ohne diese Freiheit wäre ich heute nicht der, der ich bin.Schließlich danke ich meiner über alles geliebten Frau Anita. Wir sind fast genau so lange verheiratet, wie es gedauert hat, bis ich nun mein Promotionsverfahren erfolgreich abschließen konnte. In diesen Jahren haben wir einiges zusammen erlebt und durchgemacht.Du, Anita, hast immer zu mir gehalten und mich in Allem und mit Allem unterstützt.Ohne Dich, Anita, wäre diese Arbeit undenkbar.Dir, Anita, widme ich diese Arbeit.vi A B S T R A C T background Humans usually refer to landmarks when they give route directions to pedestrians. One of the reasons why current mobile pedestrian navigation systems do not yet mimic this mode of communication is the lack of available data sources. The usefulness of a crowd-sourced data acquisition approach to overcome this problem has long been mooted. However, to date no empirically sound way of measuring the salience of objects by means of surveys exists.goal Given this background, this doctoral work has three goals:1. To achieve a sound way of measuring salience and its subdimensions, i.e. visibility in advance, cognitive salience, prototypicality, structural salience, and visual salience based on taking dimensions revealed in earlier studies systematically and simultaneously into account.2. To find subgroups of visual features among the large number of visual attributes known from the literature.3. To find the most important subdimensions of salience by means of estimating two different structural equation models. Model I is based on assumptions of independence among subdimensions, whereas model II reflects hypotheses of mediation.Taken as a whole, achieving these goals will foster both, the advancement of theories of salience and landmark acquisition methods.methodology A large scale, in-situ experiment was implemented, trying to overcome weaknesses of earlier attempts made to estimate salience. An vii appropriate sample size of buildings and non-buildings was calculated a priori (n obj = 360). Objects were randomly selected based on their geographical coordinates and randomly grouped into n r = 55 routes. Participants were required to rate objects by means of a survey. The questions were derived from empirical evidence found in earlier studies. Each route was walked by two different participants (n = 112), id est (i.e.) two ratings per object were collected for data analysis.findings Model I and model II were analyzed using PLS Path Modeling and consistent PLS Path Modeling, respectively. The measurement models proposed showed a good fit, although some weaknesses were identified for prototypicality and cognitive salience. Geometrical aspects as well as features like (visual) age turned out to have a stronger impact on visual salience than color. Model I did not yield reasonable struct...
This paper describes a controlled web-based study (n=126), investigating whether the perception of the credibility of refugee-related Tweets can be influenced by cues already reported in the literature for social media content generally. We provide empirical evidence that both a Tweet's popularity and the presence of links -even neutral links created by URL shortening services -may increase a user's belief that the Tweet contains credible information. This is important because the propagation of false information relating to refugees on social media sites has been well documented.
The first goal of the Summit was to identify a research agenda on locational information and the public interest, outlining research questions that cut across disciplines, examining the ethical issues that could be addressed to improve the current challenges in spatial analytics, and identifying knowledge gaps that were not yet researched. Many issues could be raised, for example bias and harm to racialized communities. Since not all could be covered, seven groups of agenda items were identified, including (1) Privacy and Anonymization, (2) Data Technology and Its Social-Psychological Dimension, (3) Utility, (4) Technical Approaches to Privacy Protection, (5) Data Infrastructure: Virtual Data Enclaves and Processes, (6) Co-Design and Inclusivity, and (7) Ethical Implications of the User Experience.
Purpose It is well known that information behaviour can be biased in countless ways and that users of web search engines have difficulty in assessing the credibility of results. Yet, little is known about how search engine result page (SERP) listings are used to judge credibility and in which if any way such judgements are biased. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Two studies are presented. The first collects data by means of a controlled, web-based user study (N=105). Studying judgements for three controversial topics, the paper examines the extent to which users agree on credibility, the extent to which judgements relate to those applied by objective assessors and to what extent judgements can be predicted by the users’ position on and prior knowledge of the topic. A second, qualitative study (N=9) utilises the same setup; however, transcribed think-aloud protocols provide an understanding of the cues participants use to estimate credibility. Findings The first study reveals that users are very uncertain when assessing credibility and their impressions often diverge from objective judges who have fact checked the sources. Little evidence is found indicating that judgements are biased by prior beliefs or knowledge, but differences are observed in the accuracy of judgements across topics. Qualitatively analysing think-aloud transcripts from participants think-aloud reveals ten categories of cues, which participants used to determine the credibility of results. Despite short listings, participants utilised diverse cues for the same listings. Even when the same cues were identified and utilised, different participants often interpreted these differently. Example transcripts show how participants reach varying conclusions, illustrate common mistakes made and highlight problems with existing SERP listings. Originality/value This study offers a novel perspective on how the credibility of SERP listings is interpreted when assessing search results. Especially striking is how the same short snippets provide diverse informational cues and how these cues can be interpreted differently depending on the user and his or her background. This finding is significant in terms of how search engine results should be presented and opens up the new challenge of discovering technological solutions, which allow users to better judge the credibility of information sources on the web.
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