No abstract

Parental death affects the life of children in many ways, one of which is self-esteem problems. Providing psychosocial support and equipping orphans play a vital role in their lifes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 7–18-year-old orphans at 17 local districts of Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Regional State of Ethiopia. From a total of 48,270 orphans in these areas, 4,368 were selected using stratified simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with a designed questionnaire based on the Rosenberg’s rating scale to measure their self-esteem levels. Self-esteem with a score less than or equal to an average score was considered to be low self-esteem in the analysis. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the data using the SPSS software. The results of the study revealed that the probability of orphans suffering from low self-esteem was 0.59. Several risk factors were found to be significant at the level of 5%. Psychosocial support (good guidance, counseling and treatment, physical protection and amount of love shared, financial and material support, and fellowship with other children), parents living together before death, strong relationship between parents before death, high average monthly income, voluntary support, and consideration from the society are some of the factors that decrease the risk of being low in self-esteem. There are many orphans with low self-esteem in the study areas. The factors negatively affecting the self-esteem of orphans include the lack of psychosocial support, poor social life of parents, and death of parents due to AIDS. Society and parents should be aware of the consequences of these factors which can influence their children’s future self-esteem.

Background: Cesarean delivery is performed under spinal anesthesia, and vasodilation is the main cause for a drop in blood pressure. The compression of the aorta and inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus is of additional clinical importance. Hypotension may occur during cesarean delivery even if prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine is practiced. We have tested if a 3 minute supine observation, can identify a subset of women with decreasing systolic arterial pressure (SAP) under spinal anesthesia. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study at Oslo University Hospital on healthy pregnant women for planned cesarean delivery. Continuous measurements of calibrated invasive SAP and estimated cardiac output were recorded for 76 women in a 3 minutes measurement with the woman in the left lateral position, followed by supine position for 3 minutes. Using functional data clustering, principal component analysis and curve smoothing, to filter way noise and reduce the dimensionality of the signal, we clustered the women into separate SAP groups.   Results: We identified two significantly different groups of women during supine position; one characterized by initial drop in SAP, the other showed initial increase. After spinal anesthesia, the mean SAP curve of the women in the first group showed a drop in blood pressure, which was more rapid than for the other women. A minor difference in cardiac output was observed between the two groups of women with the mean cardiac output curve for the first group being higher. Conclusions: This work indicates that supine position affect clinically relevant cardiovascular measurements in pregnant women. A simple test may identify patients with increased risk of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension.

Hypertension is a major long-term health condition and a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. The aim of this study was to examine major factors that affect survival time of hypertension patients under follow-up. We considered a total of 430 random samples of hypertension patients who had been under follow up at Yekatit-12 Hospital in Ethiopia from January 2013 to January 2019. Four parametric accelerated failure time distributions: Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal and loglogistic are used to analyse survival probabilities of the patients. The Kaplan-Meierestimation method and log-rank tests were used to compare the survival experience of patients with respect to different covariates. The Weibull model is selected to best fit to the data sets. The results indicate that the baseline age of the patient, place of residence, family history of hypertension, khat intake, blood cholesterol level of the patient, hypertension disease stage, adherence to the treatment and related disease were significantly associated with survival time of hypertension patients. But factor like gender, tobacco use, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus status and fasting blood sugar were not significantly associated factors. Society and all stakeholders should be aware of the consequences of these factors which can influence the survival time of hypertension patients.

Background: Hypertension is a worldwide public-health challenge and one of a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. Aims: The aim of this study was compare parameter estimations using both Bayesian and classical approaches and to detect out potential factors that affects survival probability of hypertension patient's under follow up. Materials and Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to select 430 patients among a total of 2126 hypertension patients who had been under follow up at Yekatit-12 Hospital in Ethiopia from January 2013 to January 2019. Parametric distributions: Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal and loglogistic are studied to analysis survival probabilities of the patients in both Bayesian and classical approaches. The model selection criteria are employed to identify the model with best fit to the data. Bayesian estimation approach was smaller deviance information criteria as compare to classical estimation approaches for the current data set. Results and Conclusion:The analysis Bayesian Weibull results indicate that the baseline age of the patient, gender, family history of hypertension, tobacco use, alcohol use, khat intake, blood Erango et al.; AIR, 20(2): 1-10, 2019; Article no.AIR.52009 2 cholesterol level of the patient, hypertension disease stage, adherence to the treatment and related disease were significantly associated with survival time of hypertension patients. Patients with raised blood Cholesterol level at baseline tend to have shorter survival time as compare to one with normal blood cholesterol level at baseline. Society and all stakeholders should be aware of the consequences of these factors which can influence the survival time of hypertension patients. Original Research Article