The crossover between thermally assisted and pure quantum tunneling has been studied in single crystals of high spin (S = 10) uniaxial molecular magnet Mn12 using micro-Hall-effect magnetometry. Magnetic hysteresis and relaxation experiments have been used to investigate the energy levels that determine the magnetization reversal as a function of magnetic field and temperature. These experiments demonstrate that the crossover occurs in a narrow ( approximately 0. 1 K) or broad ( approximately 1 K) temperature interval depending on the magnitude of the field transverse to the anisotropy axis.

The Northwest Geysers Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) demonstration project aims to create an EGS by directly and systematically injecting cool water at relatively low pressure into a known High Temperature (280-400°C) Zone (HTZ) located under the conventional (240°C) geothermal steam reservoir at The Geysers geothermal field in California. In this paper, the results of coupled thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical (THM) analyses made using a model developed as part of the prestimulation phase of the EGS demonstration project is presented. The model simulations were conducted in order to investigate injection strategies and the resulting effects of cold-water injection upon the EGS system; in particular to predict the extent of the stimulation zone for a given injection schedule. The actual injection began on October 6, 2011, and in this paper a comparison of pre-stimulation model predictions with micro-earthquake (MEQ) monitoring data over the first few months of a one-year injection program is presented. The results show that, by using a calibrated THM model based on historic injection and MEQ data at a nearby well, the predicted extent of the stimulation zone (defined as a zone of high MEQ density around the injection well) compares well with observed seismicity. The modeling indicates that the MEQ events are related to shear reactivation of preexisting fractures, which is triggered by the combined effects of injection-induced cooling around the injection well and small changes in steam pressure as far as half a kilometer away from the injection well. Pressure-monitoring data at adjacent wells and satellite-based groundsurface deformation data were also used to validate and further calibrate reservoirscale hydraulic and mechanical model properties. The pressure signature monitored from the start of the injection was particularly useful for a precise back-calculation of

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In two experimental studies (N = 120; N = 102), we apply intergroup emotions theory (IET) to examine the effects of hate crime on other community members. With participants from an oft-targeted group - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans people, we are the first to show empirically that hate crimes elicit more pronounced emotional and behavioural responses in other members of the victims' community than comparable non-hate crimes. The findings also reveal the psychological processes behind these effects. Consistent with IET, hate crimes were seen to pose more of a group-based threat and so led to heightened emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) and, subsequently, to behavioural intentions (avoidance and pro-action). Importantly, we also show that hate crime victims, due to increased perceptions of similarity, received more empathy than non-hate crime victims. Such empathy, although neglected in previous research, was shown to be a potential mediator in understanding the indirect effects of hate crime. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to psychological theory and their potential to support the argument for the utility and appropriateness of hate crime legislation.

We performed a series of 3D thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) simulations to study the influences of hydromechanical and thermal processes on the development of an enhanced geothermal system, strongly influenced by a network of short fault zones. The model we developed was calibrated by comparing the simulated THM responses to field observations, including ground-surface deformations, well pressure, and microseismic activity. Of particular importance was the comparison between the observed temporal and spatial distribution of microseismic activity, and the calculated shear reactivation of preexisting fractures inferred from simulated elasto-plastic mechanical responses in the short fault zone. Using this approach, we could identify when fault zones were reactivated (as manifested in the field by a surge of local microseismic activity within the fault zone), and we could back-calculate the in situ stress field as being close to the stress conditions required for shear reactivation. Our results show that the main mechanisms of inducing seismicity are related to injection-induced pressure increase and cooling. During injection, the reservoir expansion caused by the pressure increase led to mechanical stress transfer through the reservoir, which prevented or delayed the reactivation of preexisting fractures. After injection stopped, there was an inversion of the mechanical stress transfers that favored shear reactivation, which may explain why microseismic activity occurred after the cessation of the injection.

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a b s t r a c tAn Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) Demonstration Project is currently underway in the Northwest Geysers. The project goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of stimulating a deep high-temperature reservoir (HTR) (up to 400 • C, 750 • F). Two previously abandoned wells, Prati State 31 (PS-31) and Prati 32 (P-32), were reopened and deepened to be used as an injection and production doublet to stimulate the HTR. The deepened portions of both wells have conductive temperature gradients of 10 • F/100 ft (182 • C/km), produce connate native fluids and magmatic gas, and the rocks were isotopically unexchanged by meteoric water. The ambient temperature meteoric water injected into these hot dry rocks has evidently created a permeability volume of several cubic kilometers as determined by seismic monitoring. Preliminary isotopic analyses of the injected and produced water indicate that 50-75% of the steam from the created EGS reservoir is injection-derived.