No abstract

Injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an evolving treatment option for various musculoskeletal injuries. There is basic scientific evidence that suggests that the various growth factors present in PRP can help to augment the body's natural healing. There are also clinical studies suggesting efficacy for several conditions, particularly tendinopathy and osteoarthritis. This article reviews the definition and first uses of PRP, the basic scientific rationale for its use, and the basic science and evidence for its use in the treatment of tendon, joint, ligament, and muscle injuries. There are varying levels of evidence for and against the use of PRP for these types of injuries, and this article reviews studies that support as well as studies that refute the use of this new treatment. There are several studies that have assessed the basic science supportive of PRP treatments, as well as the clinical efficacy of this treatment in vivo. While the current evidence is mixed, several recent studies have demonstrated therapeutic benefit in the treatment of various tendinopathies and degenerative joint diseases of the knee. There are several factors that need to be addressed to elucidate whether PRP is truly effective. These include fully defining the PRP mixture (e.g. concentration, growth factor levels, presence of white cells and red cells, etc.), determining the optimal preparation and delivery of the PRP graft, calculating the appropriate number of injections for each specific pathologic process, and defining optimal post-procedure rehabilitation.

Interaction of certain inorganic and organic compounds with activated carbon and the effect of such interaction on open circuit potential of activated carbon were studied. Open

The electrochemical performance of the Li/O2 battery under different operation conditions was studied to elucidate the effects of discharge rate, discharge depth and charge taper voltage on the performance and state of charge of the battery. Galvanostatic discharge profiles at various discharge rates showed that the effective capacity of the cell drops with increase in the discharge rate. However the cell's cycleability improved with increase in the discharge rate probably due to the ease of stripping the Li2O2 film formed on the electrode surface reversibly at higher rates, compared with the incomplete removal of discharge products formed within the pores at low discharge rates. The performance of the cell discharged at different cut off voltages showed that decreasing the depth of discharge decreases the rate of capacity fade and improves the cell cycleability. Study of the cell performance at different charge taper voltages showed that the cell capacity increases with charge taper voltage for charge potentials up to 4.45 V. For charge potentials above 4.45 V, the cell performance deteriorates with increasing charge taper voltage significantly, probably due to the decomposition of the electrolyte at higher charge potentials. It is believed that a potential of 4.45 V is the edge of breakdown potential of propylene carbonate based electrolytes.