The data presented in this paper show that the population of cells that adoptively transfer contact hypersensitivity are Lyt-1+ 2-, I-J- and nonadherent to V. villosa lectin. However, the adoptive transfer of immunity by this population of cells is successful only when the recipient has been treated in such a way as to impair the host immunosuppression mechanism. This population cannot, on its own, transfer immunity to adult, untreated naive recipients unless an additional population of immunoregulatory cells is present. This immunoregulatory population does not itself adoptively transfer immunity. This latter population is differentiated from the immune cells in that they are Lyt-1+ 2-, I-J+ and are adherent to V. villosa lectin. Both populations are required to adoptively transfer immunity to adult untreated naive recipients.
Strain-promoted azide–alkyne
cycloaddition (SPAAC)
reactions
like click chemistry have the potential to be highly scalable, robust,
and cost-effective methods for generating small- and large-molecule
conjugates for a variety of applications. However, despite method
improvements, the rates of copper-based click chemistry reactions
continue to be much faster than the rates of copper-free click chemistry
reactions, which makes broader deployment of click chemistry challenging
from a safety and compatibility standpoint. In this study, we used
a zwitterionic detergent, namely, lauryldimethylamine
N
-oxide (LDAO), in a copper-free click chemistry reaction to investigate
its impact on the generation of conjugate vaccines (CVs). For this,
we utilized an Xpress cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform
to generate a proprietary variant of CRM197 (eCRM) containing non-native
amino acids (nnAA) with azide-containing side chains as a carrier
protein for conjugation to several clinically relevant dibenzocyclooctyne
(DBCO)-derivatized
S. pneumoniae
serotypes
(types 3, 5, 18C, and 19A). For conjugation, we performed copper-free
click chemistry in the presence and absence of LDAO. Our results show
that the addition of LDAO significantly enhanced the reaction kinetics
to generate larger conjugates, which were similarly immunogenic and
equally stable to conjugates generated without LDAO. Most importantly,
the addition of LDAO substantially improved the efficiency of the
conjugation process. Thus, our results for the first time show that
the addition of a zwitterionic surfactant to a copper-free click chemistry
reaction can significantly accelerate the reaction kinetics along
with improving the efficiency of the conjugation process.
In late 1999, Eastern Municipal Water District's (EMWD) Board of Directors and Senior Managers recognized the importance of asset management in providing service to its customers and directed staff to implement a comprehensive asset management program based on best practices. The District recognized early on that total organization commitment was necessary to achieve success in asset management and formed a Leadership Team consisting of senior managers and department heads from Operations and Maintenance, Finance, Engineering, Information Systems, Human Resources and Purchasing and Contracts. The Leadership Team provided general direction to the Project Team tasked with completing the multiple components of asset management. The Project Team identified business process needs associated with life cycle replacement, warehouse and inventory control, purchasing, maintenance strategies, information management, engineering and charge account codes.Progress to date includes full implementation of maintenance work management at all District facilities, totaling 2.0 billion dollars in assets. These assets include four sewage treatment facilities, 46 sewage lift stations, 1,800 miles of collection lines, 2,000 miles of potable distribution lines, 80 booster stations, two brackish water desalination plants, two potable water filtration plants, and 300 miles of recycled water distribution pipelines. EMWD has completed populating the asset hierarchies on over 90% of its assets based on parent/child relationships and has assigned criticality of its assets based on water and sewer service delivery.
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