Abstract.Communicating processes, which may exhibit nondeterministic behaviour, are specified as state-transition systems. Equivalence and refinement relations are defined in terms of the failures model of processes. D o w n w a r d and upward simulation are considered as proof methods for refinement. Various operators on processes are defined and their refinement rules established.

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Cybersecurity incidents are on the rise in the healthcare sector and it is becoming a growing concern for the senior executives. The attack surface is expanding due to the large number of connected medical devices and the proliferation of portable devices such as smart phones, tablets and USB devices. In this paper, we will discuss some of the security challenges facing this sector and propose a set of cybersecurity metrics that could be used to enhance the protection of the IT systems.