Assessing natural selection on a phenotypic trait in wild populations is of primary importance for evolutionary ecologists. To cope with the imperfect detection of individuals inherent to monitoring in the wild, we develop a nonparametric method for evaluating the form of natural selection on a quantitative trait using mark-recapture data. Our approach uses penalized splines to achieve flexibility in exploring the form of natural selection by avoiding the need to specify an a priori parametric function. If needed, it can help in suggesting a new parametric model. We employ Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling in a Bayesian framework to estimate model parameters. We illustrate our approach using data for a wild population of sociable weavers (Philetairus socius) to investigate survival in relation to body mass. In agreement with previous parametric analyses, we found that lighter individuals showed a reduction in survival. However, the survival function was not symmetric, indicating that body mass might not be under stabilizing selection as suggested previously.
Cross-boundary ecosystem management is increasingly being advocated to address large-scale ecological issues on forested landscapes. Such management requires information about the age, composition, and distribution of trees and other vegetation in addition to the ability to coordinate management over large areas. In the United States, the forest industry owns and manages a large quantity of biologically productive forest land, and these forests are crucial to the success of regional ecosystem planning. Antitrust laws, such as the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, limit the industry's ability to participate in regional ecosystem planning because they restrict the ability of competing firms to coordinate activities and share information. Because antitrust courts do not consider the intentions of violators, achieving conservation or other public policy goals, even when working with government agencies, is not a sufficient defense. Therefore, the real and perceived threat of antitrust litigation is a disincentive to the forest industry's participation in large-scale ecosystem management. Potential solutions to this problem include state immunity statutes and third-party data aggregation.Gestión de Ecosistemas a través de Propiedades: El Potencial de Colisión con Leyes Antimonopolio Resumen: Cada vez más, la gestión translímites de ecosistemas esta siendo apoyada para atender temas ecológicos de gran escala en paisajes boscosos. Tal manejo requiere información sobre la edad, composición y distribución deárboles y otra vegetación adicionalmente a la habilidad de coordinar la gestión enáreas muy extensas, En los Estados Unidos, la industria forestal es dueña de y maneja una gran cantidad de terrenos forestales biológicamente productivos y estos bosques son cruciales para eléxito de la planificación ecosistémica regional. Leyes antimonopolio, como el Acta Sherman de 1890, limitan la capacidad de la industria para participar en la planificación ecosistémica regional porque restringen la capacidad para coordinar actividades y compartir información entre las empresas en competencia. Debido a que las cortes antimonopolio no consideran las intenciones de los violadores, el logro de la conservación u otras metas de políticas públicas, aun cuando se trabaje con agencias gubernamentales, no es una defensa suficiente. Por lo tanto, la amenaza real y percibida de la litigación antimonopolio es un incentivo negativo para la participación de la industria forestal en la gestión de ecosistemas a gran escala. Soluciones potenciales a este problema incluyen cláusulas de inmunidad estatal y agregación de datos de terceras partes.
Public reporting bwden for this collection of information Is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including tlie time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data soun^, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of bifomiatlon. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of Infbnnation, including suggestions for reducing this bunjen SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) AFRL/MLQD SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-ML-TY-TP-2002-46241Z DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT (PA Case Number 02-157)Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. Paper is available in Proceedings, 27'"' Annual international Air Transport Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, Orlando, Florida, July 2002. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACTThe paper first gives definition and historical perspective to the problem of Rapid Runway Repair (RRR) .The differences in Cold War and post-Cold War RRR needs are also discussed.CeraTech, Inc.'s PaveMend" is presented as a good solution for post-Cold War RRR needs, which are speed of the repair and durability of the repair.The homogeneous nature of PaveAfencF is illustrated by a photomicrograph, and the ability of PaveM^ncP* to be engineered to match the material to be repaired is discussed as a desirable quality. A manufacturer's specification sheet with independent, third-party lab results is presented, which illustrates the ability of PaveMend" to mimic the properties of a typical runway which might need RRR in the post-Cold War era.Different formulations of PaveMend" are briefly discussed, but the paper focuses on the "RRR formulation" of PaveMend", which utilizes fly ash, a pozzolan, as its reactive material.Differences between pozzolans and Portland cement are discussed, highlighting those properties which have a positive impact on the durability of repairs.Results from preliminary testing by the Air Force Research^ Laboratory (ARFL) is presented, which includes density measurements, as well as time histories of heat of hydration, compressive strength, flexural strength, sonic modulus of elasticity, and bonding strength. In addition, a successful field demonstration of PaveMend" as a RRR material is briefly described. AbstractThe paper first gives definition and historical perspective to the problem of Rapid Runway Repair (RRR), particularly its roots in the area of expedient runway construction. The differences in Cold War and post-Cold War RRR needs are also discussed. CeraTech, \ac.\PaveMend™ is presented as a good solution for post-Cold War RRR needs, which are speed of the repair and durability of the repair. The homogeneous nature of PaveMend™ is illustrated by a photomicrograph, and the ability of PaveMendJ^Xo be engineered to match the material to be repaired is discussed as a desirable quality. A manufacturer's specification sheet with independent, third-party lab results is presented, which illustrates the ability ofPaveMend'^^io mimic the properties of a typical runway which ...
A much improved synthesis of the heretofore difficultly obtainable 2,6‐diaminopyrazine (4) was afforded by the low‐pressure catalytic hydrogenation (palladium on carbon) of 2,6‐diazido‐pyrazine (2); reaction of 2,6‐dichloropyrazine (1) and sodium azide gave 2 in 84% yield. The outcome of the reduction was found to be solvent dependent: 1,2‐dimethoxyethane containing aqueous ammonia gave 4 in 83% yield; 1,2‐dimethoxyethane alone gave 5‐aminotetrazolo[1,5‐a]‐pyrazine (3) in 26% yield. Additional alternative syntheses of 3 and 4 are described. A number of acyl and azo derivatives of 4 were prepared. Reactions of 2 with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and ethyl acetate (base catalyzed) leading to vic‐triazole derivatives are also described.
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