This investigation examined the effects of differential target velocity, horizontal or vertical plane conditions, and air traffic controller experience on the estimation accuracy of intersection time of two converging targets. Performance accuracy on this task was not significantly affected by horizontal or vertical conditions or by air traffic controllers' experience. However, accuracy in magnitude and direction varied significantly as a function of cursor speed, with slower speeds producing the poorer performance. A differential effect for various speed combinations was also noted. Estimation accuracy on the slowest cursor speed when paired with the two faster speeds was decreased while accuracy on the intermediate speed was degraded when combined with either slower or faster speeds. Estimations on the fastest speed were not affected by differential pairings.
The emphasis on aviator workload has been of primary concern to the US Army aviation community since the incorporation of low altitude terrain flight techniques into the helicopter tactics repertory. Since navigation has been a particularly acute problem at low altitudes, this project examined the visual workload of the navigator/copilot during terrain flight (nap-of-the-earth, contour and low level) in a UH-1H helicopter. Visual performance was measured via a modified NAC Eye Mark Recorder used in conjunction with a LO-CAM high speed camera. This technique provided the means to objectively record and analyze the navigator's visual performance through the examination of: (1) visual time inside the cockpit on flight and engine instruments, (2) time inside the cockpit on the map or other navigation aids, and (3) time outside the cockpit in various windscreen sectors. A visual free time task (Strother, 1973) was utilized to determine the amount of visual time the navigator had available, during flight over the prescribed course, for a nonflight related task. The data indicate that the navigator's normal workload was demanding; the visual free time task was utilized only 3% of the total time. The data also indicate that the duty of navigating required 92.2% of the copilot's total visual time while the engine and flight instruments were utilized only 4% of the time. These data are discussed in relation to the copilot's specified duties.
St~m7nary.-Response times were obtained from 9 Ss responding to DC elecrrocutaneous signals. Each S received a series of 160 signals varying randornly in inter-signal interval (response to onset of next signal) and location. The results indicated that of the 5 inter-signal intervals employed, those being 7, 10, snd 12 sec. in duration produced faster mean response times than those of 2 and 4 sec. Response times to the locations, the left hand, left foot, right hand, and right foot, did nor differ significantly from one another but significantly interacted with Ss.
The emphasis on aviator workload has been of primary concern to the U.S. Army aviation community since the incorporation of low altitude terrain flight techniques into the helicopter tactics repertory. Since navigation is a particularly acute problem at low altitudes, this project examined the visual workload of the navigator/copilot during terrain flight (nap-of-the-earth, contour, and low level) in a UH-1H helicopter. Visual performance was measured via a modified NAC Eye Mark Recorder used in conjunction with a LOCAM high speed camera. This technique provided the means to record objectively and analyze the navigator's visual performance. A visual free time task was utilized to determine the amount of visual time the navigator had available, during flight over the prescribed course, for a nonflight-related task. The data indicate that the navigator's normal workload was demanding; the visual free time task was utilized only 3% of the total time. The data also indicate that the duty of navigating required 92.2% of the copilot's total visual time, while the engine and flight instruments were utilized only 4% of the time. These data are discussed in relation to the copilot's specified duties.
Three groups of ten subjects each performed a unidimensional compensatory tracking task for 30 minutes. Each group received continuous error information feedback either visually, auditorally, or cutaneously. Direction of error was signaled by the side of the body stimulated, magnitude of error was indicated by signal intensity. Intensities of the signals were subjectively matched. Performance was measured by time on target, constant error, absolute error, and root-mean-square error. Analyses of variance for these measures yielded significant differences between display types on all but the root-mean-square measure. A multiple discriminate analysis was performed on these measures and provided two significantly independent dimensions of discrimination. The first dimension was defined as “speed of response,” the second “goodness of performance.” It was concluded that for the particular task used, the auditory and cutaneous displays proved more effective than the visual display.
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