Therapeutic embolization of the gonadal veins is performed on male and female patients for different clinical situations using similar techniques. The testicular varicocele is a common clinical problem associated with pain and reduced fertility rates. In women, chronic pelvic pain can be attributed to pelvic congestion syndrome, which is said to result from retrograde flow in incompetent ovarian veins. Both of these clinical problems respond well to gonadal vein embolization. In this article, we review the clinical evaluation, diagnostic workup, and technical aspects of percutaneous intervention of gonadal vein embolization. The supporting literature is also reviewed.

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Our preliminary observations suggest that volume-rendered reformatting is helpful in categorizing clinically significant vascular head and neck lesions, resulting in more diagnostic value than planar CT imaging alone. In particular, 3-D CTA might allow accurate differentiation of hemangiomas from AVM, and of lymphangiomas from other types of lesions, which was, in our series, not possible using clinical examination or conventional planar CT angiography.