Objectives: Determine the risk factors involved in toxoplasmosis transmission and determine whether pregnancy is a risk factor for toxoplasmosis infection. Study design: Cross-sectional study carried out on 2,242 women at childbearing age. An indirect immunofluorescence reaction was used to identify immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Previous gestations were also analyzed as a possible risk factor. The results were analyzed by χ χ χ χ χ² and OR tests, and by variance analysis. The sample was statistically balanced according to social-economic risk factors. Results: Previously pregnant women were 1.74 times more frequently infected with toxoplasmosis, regardless of environmental conditions. Pregnant women living under unfavorable environmental conditions had an approximately two times increased risk of being infected for each risk factor (contact with host animals, presence of vehicles of oocyst transmission). Previous pregnancy was the risk factor that had the strongest influence on acquiring toxoplasmosis (variance analysis and statistical balancing). Discussion: The prevalence of this zoonosis is high in Goiânia-GO, Brazil (65.8%). Inadequate environmental sanitation was not significantly correlated with toxoplasmosis infection, except when associated with previous pregnancy, showing that the fundamental cause for infection is not environmental. Conclusion: The finding that pregnancy makes women more vulnerable to this protozoan, makes it important to implement prophylactic control of at-risk pregnant women.

BackgroundControl programs have been executed in an attempt to reduce vertical transmission and the severity of congenital infection in regions with a high incidence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women. We aimed to evaluate whether treatment of pregnant women with spiramycin associated with a lack of monitoring for toxoplasmosis seroconversion affects the prognosis of patients.MethodsWe performed a prospective cohort study with 246 newborns (NB) at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis in Goiânia (Brazil) between October 2003 and October 2011. We analyzed the efficacy of maternal treatment with spiramycin.ResultsA total of 40.7% (66/162) of the neonates were born seriously infected. Vertical transmission associated with reactivation during pregnancy occurred in 5.5% (9/162) of the NB, with one showing severe infection (systemic). The presence of specific immunoglobulins (fetal IgM and NB IgA) suggested the worst prognosis. Treatment of pregnant women by spiramycin resulted in reduced vertical transmission. When infected pregnant women did not undergo proper treatment, the risk of severe infection (neural-optical) in NB was significantly increased. Fetal IgM was associated with ocular impairment in 48.0% (12/25) of the fetuses and neonatal IgA-specific was related to the neuro-ophthalmologic and systemic forms of the disease. When acute toxoplasmosis was identified in the postpartum period, a lack of monitoring of seronegative pregnant women resulted in a higher risk of severe congenital infection.ConclusionTreatment of pregnant women with spiramycin reduces the possibility of transmission of infection to the fetus. However, a lack of proper treatment is associated with the onset of the neural-optical form of congenital infection. Primary preventive measures should be increased for all pregnant women during the prenatal period and secondary prophylaxis through surveillance of seroconversion in seronegative pregnant woman should be introduced to reduce the severity of congenital infection in the environment.

BackgroundHepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are a major burden to public health worldwide. Routine antenatal HIV-1 screening to prevent maternal-infant transmission is universally recommended. Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of and potential risk factors for HCV and HIV infection among pregnant women who attended prenatal care under the coverage of public health in Central Brazil.MethodsScreening and counselling for HIV and HCV infections was offered free of charge to all pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) in the public health system, in Goiania city (~1.1 million inhabitants) during 2004–2005. Initial screening was performed on a dried blood spot collected onto standard filter paper; positive or indeterminate results were confirmed by a second blood sample. HCV infection was defined as a positive or indeterminate sample (EIA test) and confirmed HCV-RNA technique. HIV infection was defined according to standard criteria. Factors associated with HIV and HCV infections were identified with logistic regression. The number needed to screen (NNS) to prevent one case of infant HIV infection was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation method.ResultsA total of 28,561 pregnant women were screened for HCV and HIV-1 in ANC. Mean maternal age was 23.9 years (SD = 5.6), with 45% of the women experiencing their first pregnancy. Prevalence of HCV infection was 0.15% (95% CI 0.11%–0.20%), and the risk increased with age (p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti-HIV infection was 0.09% (95% CI 0.06%–0.14%). Black women had a 4.9-fold (95% CI 1.42–16.95) greater risk of HIV-1 infection compared to non-black women. NNS to prevent one case of infant HIV infection ranged from 4,141 to 13,928.ConclusionThe prevalence of HIV and HCV infections were low among pregnant women, with high acceptability rates in the opt-in strategy in primary care. Older maternal age was a risk factor for HCV and antenatal HCV testing does not fulfill the requirements for screening recommendation. The finding of higher risk of HIV-1 infection among black women despite being in consonance with the HIV-1 ethnic pattern in some American regions cannot be ruled out to be a surrogate marker of socio-economic condition.

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ResumoOBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à soropositividade pelo Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal retrospectivo, a partir dos registros de mulheres triadas para toxoplasmose pelo Programa de Proteção à Gestante, em 2008, residentes em Goiânia (GO). Esses registros foram vinculados aos do banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do Estado de Goiás. O processo de vinculação ocorreu em três etapas, sendo pareados 10.316 registros para análise dentre os 12.846 registros iniciais. Nesse processo foram consideradas as variáveis: nome da mulher, idade, data de nascimento, data provável do parto, data de nascimento do recém-nascido e dados referentes ao domicílio. Os anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii foram detectados em amostras de sangue seco coletadas em papel filtro por meio dos testes Q-Preven Toxo para IgG e IgM. O teste do χ 2 e χ 2 para tendência foram utilizados para análise dos dados, e o odds ratio (OR) para estimar a chance de associação entre variáveis de exposição e desfecho. RESULTADOS: a prevalência da infecção foi de 67,7%, e 0,7% apresentou anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM e IgG reagentes. Dessas, apenas três não se submeteram ao teste confirmatório em sangue venoso. A mediana do intervalo entre o screening e a nova coleta de sangue venoso foi de 12,5, e entre o screening e o teste confirmatório e de avidez, 20 dias. As variáveis associadas à exposição foram: faixa etária de 20-30 anos, OR=1,6, e ≥31 anos, OR=1,8; cor da pele parda, OR=1,4, e preta, OR=1,6; e escolaridade de 8-11 anos, OR=0,7, e ≥12 anos de estudo, OR=0,6. CONCLUSÃO: estimou-se elevada prevalência da infecção entre gestantes. Os fatores associados encontrados devem ser considerados durante o acompanhamento pré-natal, juntamente com ações educativas para a prevenção da infecção e vigilância do status sorológico de gestantes soronegativas.Abstract PURPOSE: to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women. METHODS: a cross-sectional retrospective study based on the records of women screened for toxoplasmosis by the Pregnancy Protection Program in 2008, living in Goiânia (GO). These records were connected to records from the database of the National Information System on Live Births from the State of Goiás. The process occurred in three phases, with 10,316 records being paired for analysis, among the 12,846 initial records. The following variables were evaluated in this process: woman's name, age, date of birth, estimated date of delivery, date of infant birth and household information. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected with the Q-Preven Toxo IgG and IgMin tests in dried blood samples collected on filter paper. The χ 2 test and χ 2 test for trend were used for data analysis, and the odds ratio (OR) was used to estimate the chance of association between exposure and outcome. RESULTS: the prevalence of infection was 67.7%, with 0.7% of the samples presenting anti-T...

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência dos sintomas da depressão e suas associações com características sociais, econômicas, comportamentais, psicológicas e obstétricas no pó-parto imediato. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e probabilístico, realizado com 204 puérperas no pós-parto imediato, atendidas em um hospital público na cidade de Barra do Garças-MT, Brasil, no período de agosto de 2015 a junho de 2016. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi avaliada através da Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (EPDS), com escore ≥ 10. Os dados foram analisados com auxilio do programa EPI-INFO® versão 7.1.5.0. As associações foram feitas por meio dos testes Exato de Fisher, Mantel-Haenszel, Razão de Chances (Odds Ratio), sendo adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por puérperas com idades entre 18 e 42 anos, sendo a maioria composta por mulheres jovens com média de 25 anos (±5,32). Na análise multivariada os fatores com indicativo de associação foram: ingestão de álcool nos três primeiros meses de gestação (OR=1,99; IC95%=0,65-6,09), uso de tabaco (OR=10,80; IC95%=2,13-54,60), problema mental familiar (OR=4,34; IC95%=1,56-12,09), sofrer violência psicológica ou emocional (OR=2,57; IC95%=1,04-6,36), sogra interferir nos cuidados com o bebê (OR=4,21; IC95%=1,65-10,78) e o tipo de moradia (OR=2,79; IC95%=1,13-6,87). Conclusão: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos no puerpério imediato foi elevada (24,51%). Além disso, adverte-se para um forte indicativo de associação entre sintomas da depressão pós-parto e o uso de tabaco, ter familiar com problema mental, a sogra interferir nos cuidados do recém-nascido, morar de aluguel e sofrer violência psicológica/emocional. DESCRITORES: Transtornos Mentais. Depressão Pós-Parto. Prevalência.

BackgroundThe different laboratory methods used in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis have variable sensitivity and specificity. There is no evidence to prove that maternal treatment reduces the risk of fetal infection. The purpose of this study was to assess methods for the confirmation of congenital toxoplasmosis after maternal treatment with spiramycin during pregnancy, and to evaluate the effect of this treatment on clinical manifestations of the disease in newborns (NB).MethodsThis was a community-based, cross-sectional study of acute toxoplasmosis in newborns at risk of acquiring congenital infection. Participating newborns were born in the Clinical Hospital Maternity Ward of the Federal University of Goiás. Eligible participants were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 44 newborns born to mothers treated with spiramycin during pregnancy and group 2 consisted of 24 newborns born to mothers not treated with spiramycin during pregnancy because the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was not performed. The sensitivity and specifity of PCR for T. gondii DNA in peripheral blood and serological testing for specific anti-T. gondii IgM and IgA, and the effects of maternal spiramycin treatment on these parameters, were determined by associating test results with clinical manifestations of disease.ResultsThe sensitivity of the markers (T. gondii DNA detected by PCR, and the presence of specific anti-T. gondii IgM and IgA) for congenital toxoplasmosis was higher in group 2 than in group 1 (31.6, 68.4, 36.8% and 3.7, 25.9, 11.1% respectively). Even with a low PCR sensitivity, the group 2 results indicate the importance of developing new techniques for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns. Within group 1, 70.4% of the infected newborns were asymptomatic and, in group 2, 68.4% showed clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis.ConclusionsThe higher proportion of infants without clinical symptoms in group 1 (70.4%) suggests the maternal treatment with spiramycin delays fetal infection, reducing the clinical sequelae of the disease in newborns. Given the low sensitivity of the tests used, when there is suspicion of congenital transmission several serological and parasitological tests are required in order to confirm or exclude congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns.

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