Among the persistent organic pollutants of atmospheric air, a special place is occupied by a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or polyarenes due to their high carcinogenic hazard. In view of the ubiquitous presence of these substances in the atmospheric air, low values of hygienic standards and values of reference concentrations (RfC) for chronic inhalation exposure, the qualitative and quantitative identification of PAHs is the critical task. Purpose is to analyze modern methodological approaches used in laboratory practice to determine polyarenes in atmospheric air on the base of Russian and foreign sources. The paper considers modern methods for the analytical control of PAHs in atmospheric air, officially approved in the Russian Federation and presented in the world literature. The search for literary sources was carried out using the PubMed, RSC Publishing, Springer Nature, SCOPUS, eLIBRARY.RU databases. An analysis of the methodological and scientific and technical literature on methods for the determination of PAHs in atmospheric air made it possible to identify the main directions of methodological developments used in modern laboratory practice for the analytical control of polyarenes in air. The advantages and disadvantages of specific methods, individual stages of analysis, conditions for sampling, storage and transportation of samples, which together can lead to false positive or false negative results, are presented. Conclusion. Modern methods for the analysis of polyarenes in atmospheric air are the result of continuous improvement in the technique of performing individual analytical procedures, the development of new methodological approaches to solving analytical problems, the emergence of new, more advanced measuring and auxiliary equipment, which makes it possible to develop highly sensitive and highly selective methods for measuring toxicants in the human environment at the level of MPCdaily average, MPCone-time and RfC for chronic inhalation exposure.
Introduction. Phenol and its derivatives are widely distributed in the environment. To assess the risk of the negative impact of phenols on human health, data on their content in biological media are needed. Purpose of research. Development of a sensitive and selective method for the determination of phenol and catechol in the whole blood by HPLC. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on a Shimadzu liquid chromatograph with an RF-20A fluorimetric detector. The efficiency of extraction of analytes from the matrix was checked by methods of liquid and solid phase extraction, QuEChERS. The metrological parameters of the measurement technique were experimentally established. Approbation of the method was carried out during the analysis of whole blood in children living in territories with various technogenic impacts. Results. The developed method makes it possible to determine phenol and catechol in whole blood at the level of 0.005–0.5 mg/dm3 with an error of ≤33%. The degree of extraction of phenol from whole blood by the QuEChERS method is 100%, pyrocatechol – 75%. A significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) average group content of phenol and pyrocatechol was established in the whole blood of children living in an ecologically loaded area compared to a conditionally clean area by 2.1 times. Limitations. The study of the content of phenol and pyrocatechol in the whole blood in the child population is limited by the number of territories and examined children. To establish the background content of phenol and catechol in the whole blood of the child population at the population level under conditions of environmental stress and outside the zone of anthropogenic influence, it is necessary to conduct more extensive studies in various territories covering a larger number of examined children. Conclusion. The developed method can be used in hygienic research to assess the risk of phenols exposure to the health of the child population living in areas with various anthropogenic pressure.
Introduction. Formaldehyde is a widespread environmental contaminant hazardous for human health; it belongs to the second hazard category for its inhalation exposure. Aerogenic inhalation exposure results in elevated risks of adverse effects on human health. Children are susceptible to such adverse effects produced by formaldehyde. Materials and methods. We performed chemical-analytical studies on formaldehyde contents in ambient air, inside pre-school children facilities and schools, and biological media of children living in a large industrial city (the test group) and a rural area (the reference group) in the Western Urals. Results. In the city, formaldehyde contents were 1.5 times higher in ambient air and 2.9 times higher inside pre-school children facilities and schools than in rural areas. Indoor air creates a more significant burden as per formaldehyde against ambient air, and its share is equal to 93% in the city and 87% in the rural area. The average group concentration of formaldehyde in blood was four times higher in the test group than the same parameter in the reference one. We also detected that formaldehyde contents were 7.6 times higher than the regional background level in the blood of children from the test group and 1.8 times higher in children from the reference group. We analyzed somatic morbidity as per nosologic categories and revealed that priority pathologies caused by exposure to formaldehyde were diagnosed 1.1-1.9 times more frequently in the test group than in the reference one (р<0.05). Regarding specific nosologies, priority nosologies were 1.8-9.7 times more frequent in the test group than in the reference group (р<0.05). We created statistically significant models showing dependence between a potential growth in morbidity with respiratory diseases, immune and nervous system diseases among children with elevated concentrations of free formaldehyde in the blood (R2=0.13-0.97; F=45.4-4,074; р≤0.001). Limitations. In the study, the possibility of an increase in the incidence of the child population, associated with the possible influence of factors not studied in this work, cannot be ruled out. However, the revealed relationships between the content of formaldehyde in the blood and the somatic status of children according to the criterion of the probability of an increase in the number of diseases from an increased content of formaldehyde in the blood may suggest one of the reasons for the increase in the frequency of respiratory diseases, disorders of the immune system, diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs in children under aerogenic exposure to formaldehyde. Conclusion. Having examined formaldehyde contents in air in the city and rural area, we established that toxicant concentrations were higher inside pre-school children facilities and schools in the city than in the rural area. High formaldehyde contents in the blood of children living in sizeable industrial cities occur predominantly due to aerogenic exposure to formaldehyde in indoor air and lead to more probable associated diseases of the respiratory, immune, and nervous systems.
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