The analysis of the protein spectrum of blood was carried out by electrophoresis in agarose gel in combination with the determination of biochemical parameters in 30 stallions of the Arabian breed, divided into groups according to the indicator of progressive sperm mobility. Group 1 included stallions with progressive mobility (PM) up to the 25th percentile (PM, % <53.35), group 2 - stallions with progressive mobility within the 25-75th percentile (53.35 <PM, % <65.18), and group 3 - stallions with progressive mobility above the 75th percentile (PM, %> 65.18). In the 1st group of stallions, the highest concentrations of α2-globulins and γ-globulins of blood were found. The 3rd group of stallions showed the lowest concentration of glucose and urea.
The indicators of the biochemical analysis of the blood of horses reflect the state of metabolism of the animal and at the same time are potential predictors of the qualitative characteristics of spermatozoa, the freezing of which is one of the most important ways to preserve and further use the genetic material. The aim of this study was to identify correlations between the level of such acute phase blood proteins, as C-reactive protein and fibrinogen, and the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the native and thawed sperm of stallions. The object of the study was blood and sperm samples from 87 stallions of various breeds, the average age of which was 10.5±0.5 years. To assess the protein status of the blood, in addition to the aforementioned acute phase proteins, the total protein content, the levels of albumin, globulins, and the albumin / globulin ratio were determined. Stallion sperm samples were assessed according to the following indicators: ejaculate volume, concentration, the total number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, progressive motility and survival at +4°C. When analyzing the correlations between the studied parameters, a statistically significant negative inverse relationship was revealed between the level of fibrinogen in the blood serum and such parameters as the content of progressively motile sperm in native and thawed cryopreserved sperm (r=-0.22, p<0.05 and r=-0.29, p<0.01, respectively), as well as sperm survival in native and thawed sperm (r=-0.48, p<0.001 and r=-0.22, p<0.05, respectively).There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of C-reactive protein and the studied characteristics of the spermogram. The revealed negative correlation between the level of fibrinogen and the characteristics of the stallions’ sperm can be considered as one of the prognostic important indicators that must be taken into account when selecting stallions with the highest indicators of the quality of cryopreserved sperm.
The course of Alzheimer’s disease is associated with an increase in oxidative stress associated with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species against the background of neurodegenerative inflammation, and a simultaneous depletion of the antioxidant defense capabilities of brain cells. The result is the oxidative modification of macromolecules: proteins, lipids, nucleic acids. Protein carbonylation products accumulate not only in neurons, and in direct correlation with the degree of increase in amyloidosis and neurodegeneration, but also in extra-neuronal tissues, including leukocytes. In the course of this study, the levels of spontaneous and induced oxidative modification of proteins were determined in the blood plasma and fractionated leukocytes of peripheral blood of patients with different durations of Alzheimer’s disease, and the value of the reserve-adaptive potential was assessed as markers of the severity of oxidative stress. It has been established that the course of Alzheimer’s disease has a greater effect on the accumulation of carbonyl derivatives in blood plasma. In patients with a disease duration of 5–10 years, the total level of aldehyde and ketone derivatives of modified plasma proteins exceeds the same indicator in subgroups with a shorter duration of the disease. This tendency is less typical for mononuclear leukocytes. The level of induced oxidative modification of proteins increases to a greater extent in blood plasma than in fractionated leukocytes. This indicates the depletion of the reserve-adaptive potential of plasma antioxidant capabilities, which is more pronounced in patients with a long course of Alzheimer’s disease. For polymorphonuclear leukocytes, such a pattern was not revealed, which is probably associated with a short cell life. In mononuclear leukocytes, as well as in plasma, there is a tendency to depletion of the reserve-adaptive potential, but to a lesser extent.
The aim of the work was to study the relationship of testosterone and estradiol with the biochemical parameters of blood. The blood of 39 stallions aged 3 to 20 years was collected during the breeding season (February–May). Determination of testosterone and estradiol in blood plasma was carried out on a chemiluminescent analyzer Immulite 2000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA). The concentration of HDL and LDL cholesterol and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer Vegasys (Analyzer Medical System, Italy), the concentration of total protein, albumins, globulins, glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, total bilirubin, creatinine, the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase were determined using a biochemical analyzer AU 680 (Beckman Coulter, USA). Spearman’s coefficient was used to estimate the rank correlation. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. A significant positive correlation between the concentration of testosterone and the activity of ALP was found (r=0.34; P < 0.05). We found a positive correlation between the concentration of estradiol with the activity of ALP (r=0.44; P < 0.01) and the concentration of HDL cholesterol (r=0.31; P < 0.05), as well as a negative correlation between the concentration of estradiol and glucose (r=-0.32; P < 0.05). We assume that estradiol and testosterone induce the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase through the activation of osteoblastic activity. Estradiol is also able to lower blood glucose level. Among the mechanisms of this phenomenon described in the literature, there is an increase in the expression of GLUT4 and their translocation to the cell membrane, the induction of glycolysis enzymes, the pentose-phosphate cycle and glycogen synthesis. We also assume that estradiol increases HDL cholesterol in the blood by increasing the rate of HDL formation. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 20-16-00101
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